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<node ID="783C36FA-D1BA-4EFF-8693-E67CEE061E08" TEXT="**Theories of IP** William Fisher 2020.01.14" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1579019661485"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="2197D38A-3BF4-4AB1-A8F3-0F2B60787BB7" TEXT="Personality" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" POSITION="right" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="8DD43665-E8C1-4901-A2E3-B60E2813A639" TEXT="Roots:  Personhood theory of &quot;real&quot; property" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="AB17EBB9-7AC1-4481-8E3F-E7CBD48FA30C" TEXT="Human needs served by private property rights" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="DD7DB05E-2330-419D-84B8-915EF0056ADA" TEXT="1. Peace of Mind" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="115016BB-4ED1-4C6A-BDFD-392355014B8E" TEXT="e.g., Charles Fried" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1483277633000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="F16FD3A1-DB1E-49E1-84DE-E92CBD53E1DE" TEXT="2. Privacy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="F82FE4CC-3072-4621-9AF0-1F8AC922AA59" TEXT="e.g., Jeremy Waldron" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1483277642000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="CC79242D-FFC7-427B-A1D3-B603142B85A7" TEXT="3. Autonomy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="0E32D1B5-3D31-4D1D-958E-B20A9641D6E8" TEXT="e.g., Abraham Lincoln" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1483277653000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="311246E5-BE0D-4487-8E1F-EB3BC7C89AE8" TEXT="4. Self-realization as a social being" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="520526CF-8A67-41DE-9201-2C00E42BAB4F" TEXT="e.g., Carol Rose" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1483277670000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="3A70101E-12C1-4942-BA09-CCCE9BA8999C" TEXT="5. Self-realization as an individual" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="921EE2B0-F7C9-44F4-8A27-F7142B8AA990" TEXT="e.g., Hegel, Kant, Justin Hughes, Rob Merges" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1483277692000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="CF3BFDF5-83AC-4E96-9FE8-636CB3DAD405" TEXT="6. Security and leisure" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="A1DC98E3-EC88-4716-A0F7-C01E2CDB9287" TEXT="e.g., Jeremy Waldron, George Fitzhugh" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1483277719000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="27D4EE79-CBB4-4CE2-9596-8CDE06C4E600" TEXT="7. Responsibility" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="D5C67D41-F1B3-4BDB-9D03-2F226EAFADAE" TEXT="e.g., T.H. Green, J.S. Mill" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1483277739000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="4678E133-B500-433F-9A68-30A1B5501DD9" TEXT="8. Identity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="481A61B6-3990-426E-A3E8-06559E62036D" TEXT="e.g., Margaret Jane Radin" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1483277749000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="0FFF672F-9944-447E-AD77-36AC8F8C0998" TEXT="9. Citizenship" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="C86A7CD7-3B9E-40C1-9997-E918460B606A" TEXT="e.g., Hannah Arendt, Classical Republicanism" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1483277774000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="BA5269DE-C248-4110-9F90-48F0CC762AAD" TEXT="10. Self-expression" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="60D86303-6D9D-42C0-873B-EE512E410347" TEXT="e.g., T.H. Green, Gary Larson" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1483277796000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="0B13A135-BA3C-4CA2-9E12-0F11A99D67F2" TEXT="Personhood theory of IP" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="F540C737-B91E-4630-8954-8EEE5D85E0F8" TEXT="Intellectual products are manifestations or extensions of the personalities of their creators" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="3D1D48B5-331C-4500-A9FF-C29C1DC65360" TEXT="the artist defines herself in and through her art" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="FED12CA3-EDA6-4AE2-90D1-02B28225627A" TEXT="extensive empirical support for the claim that many authors, artists, and perhaps inventors feel this way gathered by Jeannie Fromer (2010 &amp; 2011)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1483283348000" MODIFIED="1483283747000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="D403D0B3-24F3-422E-BB8C-0D921C171672" TEXT="e.g., Anne Lamott:  &#x201c;I understood immediately&#10;the thrill of seeing oneself in print. It provides some sort of primalverification: you are in print; therefore you exist.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483283449000" MODIFIED="1496000170000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="2CC7298D-83C5-4917-92DD-7914ABAE2DED" TEXT="artists consequently are entitled to considerable continuing control over their products" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="E4136D14-3025-4967-A6EE-4E0F35D9AB97" TEXT="because injuries to those products injures the creator's self, or" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node><node ID="4EE3257F-36E7-4720-8B4A-166AE63207F0" TEXT="because control over products is part of general project of creating and maintaining an identity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="76BAB259-73FA-4B0C-8EA2-8544BFB1DB69" TEXT="Appreciation of creators' personhood interests provides support for &quot;moral rights&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="F48782E7-9639-4D39-B964-C963EB332280" TEXT="right of attribution" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node><node ID="898FCE08-D601-4C45-8072-C11D41391916" TEXT="right of integrity" LINK="MoralRights.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1483277953000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node><node ID="B85F7EEB-D314-4B49-BA58-6211D02127D5" TEXT="right of disclosure" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node><node ID="D4AF320E-E719-4D42-9332-D704B85E7B83" TEXT="right of withdrawal" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node><node ID="B5F5A4D0-8DE3-4A50-8FE7-AE06F542C80E" TEXT="right against excessive criticism" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node><node ID="FFC4D06D-7C67-44E1-AE62-77545626319D" TEXT="droit de suite" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="EDAE48FD-8A25-46BA-A261-B0743C8472CA" TEXT="Modern Modifications" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="73479BEA-0B77-487E-B235-719E36089CDC" TEXT="all persons must be enabled and encouraged to express themselves artistically" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node><node ID="F9AC9E44-13BB-479A-9CC8-0565C2AF0A41" TEXT="recognize increasing dependence of creativity upon re-use of extant intellectual products" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="55FB338A-5B6A-4BFF-8A92-45CB97B47DF4" TEXT="Difficulties" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="8AC016A3-52E3-4205-8F1C-AD2AFC7EC141" TEXT="Should an artist who invests herself in a work of visual art be able to prevent imitations?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="C7458D3A-352E-4253-ACAC-61518701D83F" TEXT="no; the copy would be a product of the copyist's mind -- Hegel" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node><node ID="94AA7215-DD65-4381-AAF7-4EEAA61D8F1E" TEXT="yes; Hughes" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="BC8DAAC7-0253-45D0-B26B-4F630BA0316D" TEXT="May an author alienate her right to control the copying of her work?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="07BF1B7B-AD7D-465D-A5F2-2520463B27FF" TEXT="deciding when and how to speak is an inalienable aspect of one's personality -- Kant" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node><node ID="AE5457D9-1A01-4B38-A46D-65DEDF3FD88D" TEXT="expressions of mental aptitudes are external to the author and therefore alienable -- Hegel" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="E17462F8-B087-41E0-9E66-CDF065B7E90A" TEXT="Should a celebrity's persona be protected against commercial exploitation by others?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="7AE7A3DE-B8C8-445E-89D8-6617D5DFFCE9" TEXT="yes; it's a repository of selfhood" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node><node ID="93E590C9-94DE-41AE-A6DB-0AE9368124B9" TEXT="no; it owes as much to the media and the audience as to the celebrity -- Madow" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="F67B964D-23C4-432C-B776-42BB88074FDD" TEXT="Possible Applications" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="3D0563DD-F2DF-4DCF-AA01-FB09305177D5" TEXT="Copyright" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098353000" MODIFIED="1476098360000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="8180B4AA-735B-443B-B2F1-BC73C7715734" TEXT="Cast doubt on IP terms that extend beyond (or are shorter than) the life of the author" LINK="Copyright_Duration.pptx" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1496048509000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="1A6EAED1-138B-4E3F-A87D-4CF0477D674E" TEXT="Shiffrin" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="C65FAB6C-9782-4738-8C99-349A342CE55F" TEXT="Cast doubt on defensibility of work-for-hire doctrine and pre-employment invention assignment agreements" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="334C24D6-F561-4F88-A62F-268E69AE674B" TEXT="opportunities for &quot;exit&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="2FFD019B-F4D6-49ED-B030-CA64776043EF" TEXT="Merges" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="14A9408D-DEA8-4CA3-9712-B2A8ACC670F2" TEXT="Need to protect artists more against their own folly or ignorance?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="84371BE0-2990-4FFA-8654-5DE2ED49753E" TEXT="Pro-artist interpretation of long-term licenses?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="72554AAF-30D7-4687-9E47-F67322C4CDA7" TEXT="Merges" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="3B85DC86-1513-48AE-9EA6-47DFFE4A9B41" TEXT="Expanded interpretation of fair use for transformative works" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1492621765000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node><node ID="C7920C9C-DC5D-427F-A00C-01E2B99FBD2B" TEXT="Does equality of opportunity require an adjustment of moral rights?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="5C8FE8DB-BA78-41AD-B0CE-42352EA9766D" TEXT="preservation of right of attribution " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="687C7454-42EC-4229-B658-3B10F70FB691" TEXT="Dastar is backwards" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="7B3DA094-ED22-4AF3-93A2-AA45AE5E19C3" TEXT="but diminished protection for right of integrity and right of withdrawal" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="C0E8F430-52E2-4137-9FA3-6ED1FE1C919C" TEXT="Patent" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098361000" MODIFIED="1476098364000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="0F83D979-3F6F-4897-96EC-FD0DB02F04A6" TEXT="Heightened nonobviousness requirement?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476098488000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="4EA63628-E360-4548-952D-C236BA3D5993" TEXT="Trademark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098380000" MODIFIED="1476098389000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="14ECCBB3-C3B3-4BEF-8F99-9CC68370C64D" TEXT="tension concerning trademark protection for personal names" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098392000" MODIFIED="1476098436000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="D7825CD9-F4F0-4B5E-B929-520FABF94A02" TEXT="Trade Secrets" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098545000" MODIFIED="1476098551000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="6E7228CB-8AF5-4998-8DA3-3CC461D09A33" TEXT="Justification for (qualified) trade secret doctrine?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="C18E123C-9187-4B6C-BCBB-DFB26A97BF43" TEXT="Paine" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="2AAE09CB-8225-4664-AC60-A291A4C6E9EA" TEXT="Right of Publicity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1483278112000" MODIFIED="1483278124000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="498D8AB2-CE27-4ACE-B827-DBB26197E973" TEXT="Haemmerli" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483278325000" MODIFIED="1483278328000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="121A8295-88BC-495C-B527-2A415865F37D" TEXT="Differential Pricing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098598000" MODIFIED="1476098604000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="FEC1F1D9-E3BA-4259-B835-8B06BC96A133" TEXT="PD is bad when it impedes &#10;creative modifications of&#10;intellectual products" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098646000" MODIFIED="1476098646000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node><node ID="F329DC62-25FB-4B74-920B-374B837C92A5" TEXT="Appropriate legal &#10;responses" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098659000" MODIFIED="1476098659000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="68434AFC-AD03-4D53-98B9-EAFAC242F317" TEXT="narrow definition &#10;of &quot;derivative works&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098659000" MODIFIED="1476098659000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="3DD0C026-7A2D-4E1D-8364-6AC36DE27784" TEXT="Lee, not Mirage" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098659000" MODIFIED="1476098659000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node><node ID="C990DE9A-CBDF-4B1B-94B2-42AD9C4542A2" TEXT="curtailment of the &#10;right of integrity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098659000" MODIFIED="1476098659000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="AA1188DB-9D6D-48B5-854E-1F563C4DB118" TEXT="not right of attribution" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098659000" MODIFIED="1476098659000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="0564643A-7D2D-4BBF-B077-3929FD24674E" TEXT="Dastar is wrongly decided" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098659000" MODIFIED="1476098659000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="E090B937-CB6A-42BB-A05D-00572E072B44" TEXT="generous interpretation of &#10;fair-use doctrine for &#10;transformative works" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098659000" MODIFIED="1476098659000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2D8FF" /><node ID="4952FC71-20EC-4C99-A9E5-A28F171788E9" TEXT="but cf. 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(2006)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="B8E5A8B4-A202-4AD7-937C-9AFCB636CDA4" TEXT="From Goods to a Good Life (2012)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="06F46228-0568-4B7C-AF7D-A37BEF32B7FE" TEXT="Talha Syed" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="804692C5-95D6-4C63-95F4-3B56C25E6285" TEXT="&quot;Global Justice in Health Care&quot; (2006)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="618A2A1E-8078-4A01-9323-8BE6AB12F452" TEXT="&quot;Beyond Efficiency&quot; (with Oren Bracha, 2014)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="DAE808D2-D387-4EA9-9605-281A9806CBBB" TEXT="Foundations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="5D781542-7749-4AF0-ABEA-89C384734EFD" TEXT="Human Nature" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="1329CB82-6FD1-4B32-B742-42E186089A27" TEXT="There exists such a thing as human nature, which is mysterious and complex but nevertheless stable and discoverable " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="09979FE1-F587-46CE-9564-07977686D210" TEXT="People's nature causes them to flourish more under some conditions than others  " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="81889A2F-846E-4959-B970-4D5A6E4FF08F" TEXT="Social and political institutions should be organized to facilitate that flourishing " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="AD48ABE9-363D-4757-BF48-6E3DDE455985" TEXT="Good Life" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="1D7A9A2F-6A3C-4493-9F7E-2E8EFDE33ABD" TEXT="Conditions necessary for the full realization of personhood" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="444704C6-0594-4875-8403-CC486A1DD1B7" TEXT="(1) Life" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="BD3CC6E8-B95F-40A3-A473-2C1E6D088FB4" TEXT="&#x201c;Being able to live to the end of a human life of normal length; not dying prematurely, or before one&#x2019;s life is so reduced as to be not worth living.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="0CE36533-A393-423E-80FA-AF74140FE8B5" TEXT="Nussbaum" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="3B1779AB-66D3-477B-913E-BE085E720238" TEXT="(2) Health" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="D75436C8-4150-4D08-B17C-D10EDE205498" TEXT="&#x201c;Being able to have good health, including reproductive health; to be adequately nourished; to have adequate shelter.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="4FFA273D-C27D-4293-9817-5DD90E092C41" TEXT="Nussbaum" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="10B21DC1-C7C6-4312-9CDF-A8DBFDC85E60" TEXT="(3) Autonomy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="4F25981A-8B2D-40BE-996B-6766746A0D3C" TEXT="George Kateb" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="716AD131-B14F-442C-A3E9-8DD76858A6F5" TEXT="&quot;One's dignity resides in being, to some important degree, a person of one's own creating, making, choosing, rather than being merely a creature or a socially manufactured, conditioned,manipulated, thing: half-animal and half mechanical and therefore wholly socialized.&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="D41B7776-D1F5-42BC-9860-31829315876A" TEXT="J.S. Mill" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="36B7BA46-4FC8-4CB7-A19C-70F5A47B943E" TEXT="&quot;The human faculties of perception, judgment, discriminative feeling, mental activity, and even moral preference, are exercised only in making a choice. He who does anything because it is the custom, makes no choice. He gains no practice either in discerning or in desiring what is best. The mental and moral, like the muscular powers, are improved only by being used.&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="28DC7E7B-0A5F-4A1D-94FF-06FEB7332503" TEXT="John Rawls" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="48ECA674-EFFC-436A-8D3D-D01354F7420B" TEXT="Ronald Dworkin" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="A80BD3EB-C8D7-48BE-B3EE-D237249839E4" TEXT="1986 essay" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="23D55A92-1BA1-49F7-9ECF-69F2FFAEBEF5" TEXT="Yochai Benkler" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="143EB3CB-8ACD-4A02-9AD3-095C4F845171" TEXT="The Wealth of Networks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="889BE536-0E63-4AD8-8FC4-30104E11DEAD" TEXT="Atul Gawande" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="E9F6257C-C11E-4D22-8D20-234A4D4F8868" TEXT="Being Mortal, Chpt. 5:  &quot;A Better Life&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="C73D430E-071A-411C-BF29-302DC7569F05" TEXT="Nuances" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="C8E1E98B-AC40-48FE-97FA-D32291521A6D" TEXT="Key variable is subjective feeling of self-determination, not objective number of options" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="07883E7C-6A85-4B66-89BA-AC755B2C4679" TEXT="Self-determination of this sort is adaptive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="FED40A9E-F74B-4820-AECD-1462ABC952FA" TEXT="correlated with better problem solving, job performance, and education" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="ACC6D630-B702-44D2-A3E0-C3BA30D72D29" TEXT="(4) Engagement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="6984D792-FE39-4871-8BBE-37BF094B9281" TEXT="participation in shaping an important dimension of one's environment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="BDC1CD64-066E-4F1B-846C-0E4E7E6F3BCC" TEXT="(a) meaningful work" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="27C4C5BA-DA18-4591-B0AF-75FB4070F855" TEXT="Marx" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="13887C77-9865-437B-8816-6F3858A7400F" TEXT="&quot;Meaningful work requires skill and concentration, presents the laborer with challenges and problems he can overcome only through the exercise of initiative and creativity, and is part of a larger project he considers socially valuable and must take into account in making his decisions&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="866B906D-601E-4B0E-8899-7AAEC2E0FBBC" TEXT="behavioral economics" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="5AD3ED44-D48C-405F-B5ED-588B8D3645C4" TEXT="above a modest level, happiness is not significantly correlated with income or wealth" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="667A28EA-960B-4D8F-BBB0-88420B71C648" TEXT="sudden change (positive or negative) produces a temporary shift in happiness, but it soon dissipates" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="B091E127-D4FC-4EC8-98EE-F328FACFE1EE" TEXT="relative income (with reference to peer group) is correlated with happiness, but not absolute income" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="5964EDE2-4DC0-4749-9FDE-0DB568FC7AE5" TEXT="Easterlin 1999" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="AF703FB1-4E2D-49F4-8653-4A6632C938EA" TEXT="Clark &amp; Oswald 1996" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="C3D1CB89-BE2D-41CA-8A34-B66FD245AAD5" TEXT="Ferrer-i-Carbonell 2005" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="A8BD00ED-6E4D-48F7-888C-462A801D6F55" TEXT="by contrast, happiness is strongly (inversely) correlated with unemployment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="D57EA665-8795-4E9B-B745-45F64FB5ABC7" TEXT="lending support to contention that flourishing is correlated with meaningful work" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="C058E2C3-CBAB-4708-B72F-299C1CC3B0FC" TEXT="history" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="041DE6C4-744C-4D7B-8032-6C64D61A0034" TEXT="Safety net in Argentina" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="3CAAE81E-6853-419D-9881-05E3D3A8ADDC" TEXT="2001 economic crisis" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="01745B3B-257A-42EA-8D02-636DAF37F5CD" TEXT="see Tcherneva 2012" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="EF57D7E8-FC28-48E3-8490-AA3FAF3C86B4" TEXT="First governmental response" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="0809679B-712D-4DD4-B6EE-EFA937607F69" TEXT="Plan Jefes" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="7C6D8E3F-11C3-4A64-AFC3-7834D6B779BC" TEXT="guarantee of public employment for heads of households" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="F36D30E8-DA7D-4870-9E1A-09C207454FA3" TEXT="unexpectedly, most of the participants proved to be female heads of households" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="79C3988A-42EA-421B-AD8E-18633241C6FC" TEXT="public opposition grew, because the program appeared to be compelling women with children to be entering the workforce" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="D0D801A3-F803-4F3A-B2C2-8FAE08132727" TEXT="Second governmental response" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="634D336D-AA8B-4A64-8D36-8E8DE2875983" TEXT="Plan Familias" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="1844FA35-AB87-4C54-BED6-AB83EC60F2E8" TEXT="income support policy for poor women only" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="F10D4E51-A04C-4608-A956-903F40063E2C" TEXT="Women beneficiaries overwhelmingly lamented the change" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="DBB4491C-3621-4AC2-A2B5-B93E89C20B34" TEXT="preferred public employment to cash payment that equalled their salaries" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="379948D0-6C95-48FE-9658-C258BC4BE7BE" TEXT="many volunteered to continue working at old jobs without pay" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="392D3BB4-1C29-4BF8-98DA-222894C6D875" TEXT="(b) civic engagement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="5C3AC2B8-6967-4AB2-95D9-B98F10090688" TEXT="classical republican tradition" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="7B3E1874-E1A5-46C1-A8FD-3BEA0C61E085" TEXT="celebrated &quot;civic virtue&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="2407575F-6D66-4A2D-8481-C6EE4654C67A" TEXT="active participation in politics" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="CEE75ADC-831B-4E50-BCBA-04D944F35AEB" TEXT="altruistic, deliberative, genuinely committed to the welfare of the polity as a whole, not to the advancement of self-interest or factional interest" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="6A14BDBA-68BA-41C4-ACE6-7CAB5C9860EF" TEXT="Tocqueville" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="136626C9-F251-4D3A-9929-094A16A5A9E9" TEXT="Frank Michelman" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="0D06DEE8-3EDD-4387-8648-AE44A44DF39E" TEXT="Cass Sunstein" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="3B9684F1-F4CA-4481-A920-B8EDE79C8D00" TEXT="(c) semiotic engagement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="A978ED9D-36AE-4EE6-871D-BBB21DA2D907" TEXT="John Fiske" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="BD463062-75C6-4A74-9B06-5E3B180CA6F9" TEXT="Michael Madow" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="7C1F6A76-BD05-446F-B9C8-4ED95E36DF4D" TEXT="Jack Balkin" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="BD8A90D9-2E00-499B-A6FC-6D11A28B65C8" TEXT="(5) Self-expression" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="809C0F4D-62D7-48DA-803E-9F2B50823101" TEXT="Projecting oneself into or onto the world is key to personhood" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="55ED3C3F-6C70-4D55-85BC-9B6DAED394DF" TEXT="art (broadly defined)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="CC766722-8C62-4A4A-B480-060DBBD10C72" TEXT="incorporate contemporary version of personhood theory of IP" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="5B21F7AC-100A-4CE6-A270-EE228930FC38" TEXT="Kant, Hegel, Green, Radin, Lessig" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="9FCBE530-2924-46C9-95F0-9A47211E15EC" TEXT="(6) Competence" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="EB3F133E-11E9-45BA-8533-7DD9D5C5ACAA" TEXT="We feel better, and we do better, when we have the sense that we are capable of performing the tasks we address." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="9AC98D58-FD23-4CBA-B10D-7FAB90238BF7" TEXT="psychology" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="521A1FB5-DA89-44BA-9542-06497FC40335" TEXT="Deci &amp; Ryan" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="426EFB1D-B49A-4A08-9652-3806925A24CC" TEXT="Seligman" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="75FBCC84-6FE2-46FB-B714-E82B811BDCDF" TEXT="economics" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="373F2915-3130-424E-836A-4A28203BEA1F" TEXT="amount of time spent in school is positively correlated with overall life satisfaction" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="CC073341-168B-4725-AA72-2A061446B692" TEXT="even when schooling is compulsory, not chosen" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="B90BC90D-535A-43FC-99D5-08DBECFE388E" TEXT="Oreopoulos 2003" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="9F5385F1-7BDA-491A-A171-395B1E5C9034" TEXT="although it's unclear whether education is directly or indirectly connected to happiness" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="734EC9EC-42AD-4774-BBAF-C5198B64356D" TEXT="Helliwell 2004" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="FC394FBB-23E4-4285-99F3-924B4B2EABF3" TEXT="(7) Connection" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="DB908BA4-5569-4BC1-B5CF-F5D6ED5C4566" TEXT="Helliwell, J. F., Putnam, R. D. (2005). &quot;The social context of well-being,&quot; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="1C371DD6-7A6D-40BA-81A3-79B779FB6CA8" TEXT="&quot;Our new evidence confirms that social capital is strongly linked to subjective well-being through many independent channels and in several different forms. Marriage and family, ties to&#xa0; friends and neighbours, workplace ties, civic engagement (both individually and collectively), trustworthiness and trust: all appear independently and robustly related to happiness and life satisfaction, both directly and through their impact on health.&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="A4983572-9772-4AF9-AB10-5369190CBD57" TEXT="philosophy:  &quot;affiliation&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="28550996-A85A-4BA3-B19D-7F72CA3175DF" TEXT="Nussbaum" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="CAA40772-3D55-49D8-9EFA-8DB58AD187D1" TEXT="psychology:  &quot;relatedness&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="628DFCA6-4138-4449-B139-BE83F4A4089E" TEXT="Deci &amp; Ryan" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="9E6EA4A0-0459-447E-90CE-D3F38376BA0E" TEXT="political theory:  communitarianism" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="BEFE7582-FB20-4BD6-9B6F-ECD5D51DFF92" TEXT="economics:  persistent correlation of &quot;sociability&quot; with happiness" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="710297B9-D6B3-45CB-991B-1124572B2F0B" TEXT="Helliwell, J. F., Putnam, R. D. (2005). The social context of well-being. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="EC4497CC-2A89-4688-8C62-589066F8D38F" TEXT="&quot;Our new evidence confirms that social capital is strongly linked to subjective well-being through many independent channels and in several different forms. Marriage and family, ties to&#xa0; friends and neighbours, workplace ties, civic engagement (both individually and collectively), trustworthiness and trust: all appear independently and robustly related to happiness and life satisfaction, both directly and through their impact on health.&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="3D7FABB5-D73C-4B8E-896B-486DFD013238" TEXT="Examples" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="70F863F9-AC5D-422F-B1FC-5AD29103F864" TEXT="extraversion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="FAFD2188-4D3B-455C-8A94-5F7802870145" TEXT="friendship networks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="05AE02A2-7C17-4EB5-829B-C7A402439745" TEXT="bonds with children" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="1A30F3F5-B0D7-4408-A16E-E62211D9DD03" TEXT="Franz v. United States (DCCir 1983), paragraph 40" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="EF67A379-6522-4683-A30E-F1C802ADE83F" TEXT="sexuality" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="9169C777-7E52-4A80-A658-07012BBD375C" TEXT="carpooling neutralizes unpleasantness of commuting" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="586CFBAE-9DE6-4C65-A148-DE33F3FDDB15" TEXT="exceptions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="32BE2DD1-8782-43C0-BDFE-E84AC938D523" TEXT="teenagers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="6B34FF24-9B8F-47E4-92DE-55600B8C7A05" TEXT="marriage" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="544B4DE9-56C9-4664-B721-B77787B7EDC4" TEXT="general life-satisfaction measures are strongly correlated with marriage -- and inversely correlated with divorce" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="1D4EAD2A-FF73-4512-8549-1DE9D4C99DE0" TEXT="Stutzer &amp; Frey (2006)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="6E67F02B-AACD-47A7-9EAA-B2D4ED062CDD" TEXT="Becchetti et al. (2008)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="6D686A14-B7FD-4181-98B5-808144BA6565" TEXT="but life satisfaction associated with marriage arguably exhibits adaptation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="840A8254-EF7D-44E2-A5A9-43737180A8E0" TEXT="(8) Privacy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="92B21F49-682D-4687-A00A-51949EDD682B" TEXT="zone for experimentation and intimacy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="AAD04605-88E2-44FD-8145-69968D91EA3F" TEXT="Waldron" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="02EA51D4-2F78-464F-BA57-1A51E14EBB6E" TEXT="Distributive Justice" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="D3A238D4-FC4C-48DC-97ED-4DC69FA3BB41" TEXT="Currently, access to these conditions is both limited and systematically unequal" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="C429271D-0EE4-49D9-B1CA-D3DC05D38475" TEXT="Our ambition should be to expand and (to some degree) equalize access" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="E66F38E4-2A92-4BE4-85AC-00468CB2BE48" TEXT="Variants of egalitarian criteria" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="F6D41211-BCF7-4E71-B662-67B4BA62878B" TEXT="&quot;universal basic capabilities&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="02435CCB-ABAF-4B65-A34C-7FF924A22BE7" TEXT="Nussbaum/Sen" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="FA4DFC62-A94F-477D-8722-8EEC1C959C5D" TEXT="&quot;sufficientism&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="399C1B19-CA9E-4503-A118-427F36E036FF" TEXT="Harry Frankfurt" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="17E8FD1F-53EA-4D95-B31C-21A0909B1877" TEXT="&quot;democratic equality&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="4770EA8B-FEF9-4000-8747-AFD52F64AD90" TEXT="Elizabeth Anderson" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="110E58AC-8B93-48E0-9F06-A0484E9329BA" TEXT="Reinforced by behavioral economics" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="73042F8D-2C3E-4462-AE81-4587DDF0271E" TEXT="absence of correlation of happiness or life satisfaction above a moderate level of income or wealth argues for redistribution of wealth and opportunity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="31A22A47-1EC1-4C6C-A2A9-EDFECFD74947" TEXT="Culture" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="1BB4ECCA-B8CD-419C-B6DC-010C775D0A08" TEXT="Diversity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="1D16CD9C-6492-4F94-80D8-4F157EA9D812" TEXT=" The more multifarious the life-styles and ideas on public display in a society, the more each of its members must decide for herself what to think and how to act, thereby developing her own &quot;mental and moral faculties&quot; and rendering the culture as a whole even more &quot;rich, diversified, and animating.&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="23387E10-C06C-4716-809C-774ACD8C3520" TEXT="Mill" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="4782B233-43CA-469B-B863-4EEDFED96731" TEXT="Art" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="32583BAA-42C1-4FB5-AFC9-F0ACD024255B" TEXT="The more complex and &quot;resonant&quot; the &quot;shared language&quot; of a culture -- the richer it is in the raw materials of representation, metaphor, and allusion -- the more opportunities for creativity and subtlety in communication and thought it affords the members of the culture." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="C5B7B86C-04A3-49FE-A945-4EBB8EB1A35E" TEXT="Dworkin" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="808CA74C-81BC-41C2-A298-19AEFFC72D8E" TEXT="Education" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="3B0C8609-6F6F-415B-9160-FD07B4204235" TEXT="universally available" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="1E2CA564-6D43-44B8-936E-03BD4DF4B106" TEXT="empowering" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="0505FC51-EB9D-42EB-8AAA-72EE91DCBDAD" TEXT="Democracy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="CC759ECC-406D-41AE-B61F-4D8E025E7588" TEXT="political" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="C759EE8C-A3FF-47B5-B2FA-B5B91AB7E624" TEXT="Netanel" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="3E168424-DBEE-49A5-8926-7945DF7B3FED" TEXT="semiotic" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="836143C6-012F-4E8C-91C4-705C29C20054" TEXT="John Fiske, Michael Madow, Jack Balkin" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="36E69322-B634-49D1-B1F8-2592D1EA22AE" TEXT="Implications" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="09B9AE97-89B1-479A-9209-091C6E014E65" TEXT="Copyright Reform" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="92544647-7F95-4F1C-8BB1-FDD5A2299184" TEXT="(1) Education" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="56D4B9F4-1955-4EB5-B4C7-80538AF3D446" TEXT="we should modify aspects of copyright law that impede educational activities" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="3BB95AAD-76FA-4947-BC57-A114FA1EDDC7" TEXT="e.g., more generous exceptions for distance learning" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="D74100FE-50B7-4F39-9D6A-F1A8D04B13D8" TEXT="for educators, exceptions to rights of distribution and public performance" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="E6AB2E0E-DE5E-40F7-96B1-0CD87BC67691" TEXT="for students, exceptions to right of reproduction" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="94B7B9D8-0742-4004-95DB-6A7E2DDC297D" TEXT="e.g., create exceptions to anti-circumvention rules for teaching, studying, scholarship" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="EC9B8878-8FA4-4573-9E94-B0E315E1246B" TEXT="e.g., differential pricing in the context of software is good" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="D9CA3FE8-65BB-49AD-9738-CA15357762FA" TEXT="(2) The Idea/Fact/Expression Distinction" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="17FE01F8-47CF-4400-9102-30E258B4FE06" TEXT="no protection for things essential to deliberation and civic engagement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="5ED0D546-9CCA-4943-8F3B-B842911C8C2F" TEXT="e.g., use by GBH of excerpts of speeches by Martin Luther King" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="AB8FDF06-62B8-4A53-A155-1C6A5E70AD68" TEXT="(3) Fair Use" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="9E49A8DF-BFF5-47FF-ABBA-860D8B695EF3" TEXT="adjust incentive/loss ratios associated with potential entitlements to reflect impact on:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="971E8E6F-95DE-4285-9CB5-D3FE1FEFE4C3" TEXT="(a) culture" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="E42CF033-B1C3-484E-B294-BB148B804E13" TEXT="diversity and richness of the artistic environment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1492875601000" MODIFIED="1492875616000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="36278A47-6AE4-441D-9BD4-CE4E3B683267" TEXT="contrast advocacy of &#x201c;more art&#x201d; by Adler" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1492875616000" MODIFIED="1492875643000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="0E7C4931-A745-482A-A835-ECB4FC4248E3" TEXT="(b) opportunities for access to the good life" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="405481E7-6D3E-4A3C-9DD0-1164F1BDDD5D" TEXT="in particular, opportunities for engagement in creative activities" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1492875656000" MODIFIED="1492875675000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="6B262014-C444-4003-BBA7-AEB3DFB54BED" TEXT="increase opportunities for commentary and criticism" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="2EE0DD84-1DE8-4B15-BB34-6B1BB7EBF384" TEXT="e.g., parody" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="5D23CD3E-CF6D-4656-B6B6-4940A087C1BA" TEXT="increase opportunities for creative reuse of copyrighted works" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="C24262DD-BDAF-4B27-8B70-41EEBB1947D7" TEXT="construe &quot;transformative&quot; as &quot;creative&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="3EB831CC-3FAC-4098-853E-6C2ECD342FE2" TEXT="decrease privileges for consumptive uses" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="52F496B1-4EF9-4B76-953B-E39D6F96E3C3" TEXT="most broadly, construe the 4 statutory factors in section 107 in light of the normative beacon of the good life and good society" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="7E875376-1608-4CE5-A85F-C148C17F86FB" TEXT="(4) Moral rights" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="86B74C5F-0456-4A14-90A4-C0F8BA105DE7" TEXT="weaker protections for right of integrity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="ECC86FFC-EE4C-443D-97AC-68EB6C993F9E" TEXT="strengthened rights of attribution" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="752B0ECA-1F20-423A-A3CD-6EC96D63B0E2" TEXT="e.g., British rules on fair dealing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="82B4B6FE-3584-4209-ABB4-633840F2073B" TEXT="e.g., reconsider Dastar" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="141FB9E5-B60B-4D13-98BA-D51AC1C07B4B" TEXT="(5) Libraries" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="3EC17474-AAF8-4E64-A1F1-98A0EB975CA9" TEXT="no public lending rights, at least if patrons would bear cost" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="A51817D7-6264-4E05-8BB2-8DB18E6D930D" TEXT="if lending rights are merely a mechanism to shift costs to governments, not so bad" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="B6A0293E-29B5-4A56-9385-3CC6DFE6F100" TEXT="opt-out rule for digital libraries" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="00372253-7EC3-436E-954D-0B1242E803FE" TEXT="e.g., Google Print Library Project" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="65BD5CCA-3566-4C2A-AE83-563C7214CF43" TEXT="Bracha 2007" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="C8858F5E-D41C-4DD1-9BAB-1F6FBEAC658C" TEXT="(6) Formalities" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="AA3920A4-6281-4E04-B31B-6F77AE0997EB" TEXT="appropriate preconditions for copyright protection" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="19DF9C07-4595-4264-B5D5-8A74529DA7F3" TEXT="registration systems to facilitate location of owners" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="66720D3E-12B9-4CF5-BEC4-5C06F6D5F5BD" TEXT="(qualified) privileges for nonpermissive use of &quot;orphan works&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="85D89406-0E0D-4F8B-B725-F7D0C370C84B" TEXT="cf. treatment of restored copyrights" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="464B3657-FEE1-4882-8B83-A436BB94CBD3" TEXT="(7) Compulsory Licensing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="660CCB59-689C-4148-8A50-58E469B952D5" TEXT="increased reliance on liability rules, rather than property rules, particularly with respect to violations of 17 USC 106(2)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="B6976240-41B2-4A95-8A99-B8D5656E91BF" TEXT="reduce impediments to free flow of information" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="506D58B2-C1A9-48DD-ACB2-6AE45C9234CE" TEXT="increase diversity of works available to the public" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="1E68A9E0-204F-4438-A883-D2ED499A0B35" TEXT="cf. 17 USC 115" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="C9499B9A-AB5A-43F0-8452-11C65C06F13C" TEXT="lower rates for socially beneficial activities" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="0093729F-1593-410C-86DD-5DAE27056675" TEXT="e.g., PBS" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="0B1F6A77-81B8-4819-97A7-F92A57F171A2" TEXT="(8) Differential Pricing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="E5A83761-2664-47A2-8A25-CD8E5074AD32" TEXT="Opportunities" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="9D701139-300C-4D7D-9475-B99703EA95A4" TEXT="may increase incentives for innovation, while reducing social costs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="DCDC419B-A34C-454B-BB76-E8E3C92EFD06" TEXT="depends on the shape of the demand curves" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="351C32BF-2310-4788-AE07-E18732C55468" TEXT="equalize access to entertainment and informational products" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="29563445-80EF-40DD-9230-62CC020AE90D" TEXT="e.g., Kirtsaeng (2013)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="8BDE6CD4-7091-47FB-87E0-685246AF8B7D" TEXT="e.g., region coding of DVDs and Blu-ray discs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="320D2E5A-2BA1-4298-A951-F94217C8CA5A" TEXT="Risks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="22FBA56A-CB5D-4C7B-AE20-B966DEC39429" TEXT="PD is bad if it increases the &#x201c;granularity&#x201d; of social life " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="A0D1A463-E311-49B8-ACFF-728A4EC206AE" TEXT="Gordon" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="6B8F436C-0720-4193-BC57-075AF9A4E0EF" TEXT="PD is bad if it corrodes the spirit of altruistic sharing " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="7F5D5EA3-F5DB-42C1-A24E-FFE0C153613D" TEXT="Benkler; von Hippel" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="A0AD5006-447D-488C-8F14-402B22DC9CBF" TEXT="PD is bad if it fosters invasions of privacy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="53F65FE2-46DE-4B3A-94B9-5DD69A9CA8D9" TEXT="possibly manage through restrictions on gathering and using data" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="95B88681-F47D-4079-99FA-A9BE132B789C" TEXT="(9) Supplementary Government Funding" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="ABE288A9-17DA-4A30-845D-F650EBB59C53" TEXT="see, e.g., European cinema, discussed in Welfare Theory" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="D9B924C4-E448-468A-9A52-66B9C63673DB" TEXT="(10) Alternative Compensation System for Recorded Entertainment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="0557B186-7CB1-454E-8321-4DEFBCCFF5ED" TEXT="see Welfare Theory" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="7734B331-978D-42D7-90F3-67F639CDD5B3" TEXT="among other benefits, increase consumers' access to diverse arrays of recordings" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="AFB67CDC-91BB-48B4-A091-CBEBDE0E30C9" TEXT="traditional outlets (e.g., radio) are becoming less diverse" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="6B557675-92D9-4D94-B053-691F82A66C45" TEXT="Hannah Karp, WSJ, 16/01/2014" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="CB9CF2AE-5964-4FFB-8A0C-D6CA9293C08A" TEXT="(11) Traditional Knowledge" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="87A00139-0AC0-411D-82D1-B4CA6ABBFE7F" TEXT="conflicting aspirations:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="53D11AC9-93E8-4335-AE0F-5444CBF41878" TEXT="In favor of more legal protection" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="BB5EE61F-B1C6-4A0B-9B27-A229EA0295FE" TEXT="Community" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="F088A04E-C82C-4B59-BD6D-19801F1A3704" TEXT="TCEs are one way a community defines and sustains itself" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="7306B9ED-E16E-4044-ACB8-044EEB7DA14A" TEXT="Diversity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="9D6E80F5-6EC7-46B9-B38B-D134EA5B6629" TEXT="resist global cultural homogenization" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="695B6791-C054-4ED3-8E34-BD95A72AAA98" TEXT="Distributive Justice" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="D0F43474-1B31-40C7-A926-392D33EA79E9" TEXT="temper inequality of wealth and resources" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="0B5DDE87-515E-4EAF-B2C6-15A5C5735684" TEXT="In favor of less legal protection" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="D53F42B8-0BEA-4603-90C4-87622C8B7BB6" TEXT="Semiotic Democracy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="2E5ED213-26EF-4824-95FB-AFBF517D1375" TEXT="encourage creative refashioning of culture" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="B2DC1BAF-E11A-4795-A646-74119C10424E" TEXT="Autonomy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="2DFFE025-9175-4AD4-A594-0C2D5A45CC46" TEXT="increase cultural choices; freedom to select among them" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="94D9DDBD-6F70-4DE9-ABE1-9F0DD9DEF593" TEXT="Trademark Reform" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="E9AFBF13-3677-490A-B025-316E571D043F" TEXT="(1) Increase opportunities for creative use of trademarks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="2081628B-CE4E-4554-AF4D-EFF97913F157" TEXT="expanded opportunities for trademark parody" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="70F9ED47-7707-4F3E-8BA1-41DB9D47EAFB" TEXT="expressive genericity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="E7F4DF84-9685-42E9-8F52-136DEDF9D060" TEXT="Rochelle Dreyfuss" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="50500230-BA73-4AF3-B286-2F77A4FD06D9" TEXT="(2) Tighter restrictions on advertising" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="F9FF981F-4F19-41A4-B4BC-AC9DB9F8C022" TEXT="particularly those that capitalize on and reinforce the sources of distortion to which consumers are already subject" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="F765E075-A21D-4395-80FE-5C933B764DC1" TEXT="Patent Reform" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="0387DD56-6C38-4224-B1E4-770280EDC25C" TEXT="Developing Drugs for Developing Countries" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="951FE6B6-88F7-4040-BA6C-0F76900DE101" TEXT="modify patent law and other incentive systems to increase the development and distribution of drugs that prevent or address contagious diseases in developing countries" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="B4929EA2-3BFA-4294-B961-09EF9FDD129E" TEXT="Concerns" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="5E72AEDA-5290-4B9E-B1B5-BC3086F2664F" TEXT="(1) Paternalism" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="027417EE-8F89-462A-9F19-78862EE8E935" TEXT="Sources" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="C0D9E588-7F2F-4035-8A02-34674519D1A5" TEXT="Feinberg, &quot;Legal Paternalism,&quot; 1 Ca. J. Phil. 105 (1971)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="00CC2656-D39F-438B-8D5F-D917DC644D90" TEXT="Gerald Dworkin, &quot;Paternalism,&quot; in Morality and the Law (1971)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="67A423B1-0878-4283-9D2F-13EFC0BAD707" TEXT="J. Kleinig, Paternalism (1984)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="F8A74E01-DB2C-4A52-BD33-25F6436DFB07" TEXT="Mitigated by" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="0BBCE939-B094-4882-B908-B1F8BBA71C84" TEXT="demonstration that people exhibit &quot;bounded rationality&quot; when seeking to maximize utility" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="C1589C25-8859-4612-BA56-5F989E9293C0" TEXT="Sources" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="02DB61BD-F6E6-4211-8CEA-5509AAC36725" TEXT="Kahneman, Kruger, Schkade, Schwartz &amp; Stone, &quot;The Day Reconstrution Method&quot; (2004)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="5993A0B1-4751-4C17-84CA-53A77BAC16D8" TEXT="Kahneman &amp; Krueger 2006" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="8D2A3354-515E-4ED2-ABD5-430CD344472F" TEXT="Becchetti et al. (2008)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="93B79F57-2105-4AB2-9EA9-369980854CCC" TEXT="we engage too much in activities that do not bring us happiness or satisfaction" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="83579755-A570-487A-9EC3-25C30412577D" TEXT="spend money on large houses far from work, which necessitate commuting and to which we adapt quickly" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="D25EC695-8B5C-43E1-BF4B-A2AD8D431CFD" TEXT="we engage too little in activities that do bring us happiness or satisfaction" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="DD24CFD5-B208-4B71-ACCB-032B4D9F535C" TEXT="socializing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="313D8DFB-379C-41BD-ADE6-4C1949975C73" TEXT="education" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node><node ID="90D36BAA-C9F7-4985-9DDF-9B34B71DAF4D" TEXT="The non-coercive character of the proposed reforms " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="24D2ABDC-9FCF-42BE-B963-E01B8CBE6E0D" TEXT="cf. Thaler &amp; Sunstein, Nudge (2009)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="763E6681-0211-4DC5-ADC5-0F05E5CCC646" TEXT="(2) Hazards of Government" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="24D5EDA2-72C5-4ACD-A863-D233175359D7" TEXT="Bureaucracy " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="6192EDB7-DEA8-4E6B-AC8D-9CCC1233E134" TEXT="Rent-seeking" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="576DB29A-A35C-4E25-B508-EE5CA6B1B8B2" TEXT="Corruption" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="A16DBFC0-4283-487B-8985-47C2376B8074" TEXT="Partial Response" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="2C862E14-9225-495B-A621-F6CA6963E45B" TEXT="Alter the types of organization to which we confer this power" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="8B8FA664-D835-4634-8B72-4AE711AEF599" TEXT="capitalize on the deterioration of the public/private distinction" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="69E48736-D674-4078-A9C6-0063FF68A045" TEXT="institutions that have increasing control over our lives" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="50953712-E4DC-441F-ACBB-62B9E0D60B3F" TEXT="employers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node><node ID="79E9F376-D411-4F5C-B3D5-5FEC28C1A9E4" TEXT="suppliers of information services" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /><node ID="B944B0E9-D466-47D4-B153-2D21C4370DA7" TEXT="e.g., Google and Facebook with respect to privacy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="6B705188-0B71-4DCF-A112-B33C21B09D96" TEXT="Bibliography" LINK="http://182.fab.mwp.accessdomain.com/ip-theory/" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1513077490000" MODIFIED="1513077490000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2FF" /></node></node><node ID="1AA83F8A-E19A-405E-B6E0-0A86C5A42BC4" TEXT="Fairness" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" POSITION="left" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="36373DE3-0372-423C-894F-A3B9EBD57C8F" TEXT="Labor-Desert Theory" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476221456000" MODIFIED="1476221686000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="BE2BD098-5B7D-4673-920F-EBEAED6CFDD8" TEXT="Classic form:  Locke" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="820615C3-64EA-4F61-AE28-7070F1C7882D" TEXT="Each person has a natural right to the fruits of his or her (intellectual) labor" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="257F07FB-25D0-4A97-8669-314F815780DE" TEXT="Root: Locke, Second Treatise, Chpt. 5" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="FCFE49E1-2800-4E22-95B8-428FCB36C9D0" TEXT="generative vignette" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="BD326DB2-BE17-40B1-840F-E3F7C5276068" TEXT="labor upon land held in common" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="F52411A4-A978-4D0D-92CA-3EA72C5A992B" TEXT="provisos" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="36C2A36F-3C25-4489-9F98-F0DA5F9F5447" TEXT="sufficiency" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="38CF195B-C66C-47A1-80B1-DE69F4ADDC39" TEXT="spoilage" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="6719E226-FBD6-4B5D-BF32-5E06DBBDF3E9" TEXT="largely mooted by tacit agreement to use of money as medium of exchange" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="5B3C32EF-2C29-481B-B7B1-16A7099F4900" TEXT="duty of charity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="67331B50-B107-4323-839D-85D7EACC196B" TEXT="obligation to let others share one's property in times of great need, so long as one's own survival is not impaired" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="F93CA3C5-7B1A-4393-861E-04EA808EE37D" TEXT="The state has an obligation to enforce those rights" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9B8A4EA3-C300-4EE6-BA4E-0CF75090EDC7" TEXT="duty of the state to &quot;determine,&quot; &quot;settle,&quot; and respect natural property rights " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="E183DD22-26B1-4D33-B617-1198F29A9288" TEXT="Presumptively strong application to IP" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2D0DB4F4-D63E-4C09-9B70-2BB7A3B1F18D" TEXT="public domain provides a plausible analogue to Locke's &quot;commons&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="9DE1B022-F392-41AC-9F2C-47DDEF27D8B6" TEXT="labor is ordinarily the largest input" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="527047AE-E3D4-40E7-AC0C-92E48195BC1E" TEXT="provisos offer ways to balance creators's rights with users' interests" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="604A9F06-6C90-47C6-88F1-EF088DD25B62" TEXT="spoilage proviso seems irrelevant" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="95D1D2FB-EBAE-41E4-AC05-AD5674E033AB" TEXT="but sufficiency and charity provisos are suggestive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="018BA322-A061-4AD5-B82E-F50D29F565EB" TEXT="Difficulties" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9B3A6424-24D7-4590-A05B-FEAC4123CA80" TEXT="unclear whether Lockean theory properly applies to intellectual labor (Shiffrin)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="60992D73-9356-4EF4-924A-50C064B7F420" TEXT="formal rationales:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="653C2B80-93F3-45AB-AAD2-D0C6DBC35B9E" TEXT="1. necessary to effectuate right to means of subsistence" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="FF6AD574-50E5-4ABB-8F85-82371830583A" TEXT="2. religious obligation to subdue the earth and cultivate it for benefit of life" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="834CEE2F-834F-4BFC-8C2A-4116C1F921ED" TEXT="3. intuitions regarding self-ownership" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="4801F7D6-A775-4925-8A1F-731DB8C5CE13" TEXT="4. moral value of work" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="0403D9BA-A7D0-4EF8-BD27-49BFA2DDA6E6" TEXT="5. intuitions regarding proportionality " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="DEC95C5D-E7CA-43D2-8418-1CDBBE0E4DC3" TEXT="6. imagery of beneficial transformation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1483269868000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2280BD3B-28DF-453D-934C-5C89E10FE6B1" TEXT="wild to domestic" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="1C5B10E7-E8C7-4184-AF95-62CF8F84FFDF" TEXT="raw to cultivated" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="B69A4B33-BD91-438B-B741-EB0B86D8B1D2" TEXT="chaotic to ordered" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="97D46181-F4CF-4083-914A-8700F4C3F3C7" TEXT="unproductive to productive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="58B55701-A8D7-4B48-A199-92164F75F12F" TEXT="relevance to IP:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="05ABD4EA-49A7-4C22-AC15-1AFE5B8F853E" TEXT="1 &amp; 2 seem irrelevant" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="0F5D36E0-E2B9-4B72-B849-312396B607F6" TEXT="4 &amp; 5 seem relevant" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="FE880D13-89D5-4675-BC36-3CA54065C276" TEXT="3 &amp; 6 seem unclear" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="4C51C98E-BAB9-42D8-8B7C-35DCABEC06AC" TEXT="Ambiguity in the meanings of key concepts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="D73E8BD5-9AF8-49DB-81ED-BE76F8C1D375" TEXT="&quot;labor&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="07E7012F-322E-4F8A-84B3-2AFC68BE973B" TEXT="time and effort" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="2743046F-48D8-4050-8FF4-48CDC1F984F5" TEXT="something you'd rather avoid" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="A938D473-9F12-417C-8DD2-1373C1E311A3" TEXT="Hughes" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="1D27BCC6-91A2-4D10-B71F-6776F6966F18" TEXT="something that creates social value" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B52DC838-AD03-48C9-8630-197C7A94483B" TEXT="Gordon; Hughes" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="D8D53DF1-78CD-401B-9010-A29A5BDB26B1" TEXT="premium for creativity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="3A60F82F-AF1D-4EAC-92FE-D538BD802967" TEXT="Becker" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="9311B182-5324-4231-AC8A-8554D6824574" TEXT="proportionality" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="C21759CA-6E6B-47F0-8821-8ACD72BA2994" TEXT="Nozick" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="46A1960C-2846-4675-A036-A1A008E0C2D0" TEXT="Merges" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="0D95E0CC-8B6D-42B6-87E4-44D2A294BA43" TEXT="&quot;the commons&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2ECCAEB3-9803-445D-8AEE-DCFC1090F2E7" TEXT="Possible interpretations include:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483273607000" MODIFIED="1483273616000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="F966F2EE-FF15-4ED1-9BF1-9562F94C3BC7" TEXT="facts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="D2C8AF65-FC4B-4A8F-A7A6-808E9119037D" TEXT="language" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="C4E93073-4565-4DD1-B0D5-7DF5EA9635E4" TEXT="cultural heritage" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="28E7AF29-409B-4F4B-B3DB-315673E3ACA9" TEXT="scientific knowledge" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="6E60D5E5-7648-44F8-A623-770C6B70081A" TEXT="ideas" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B6ACA226-1047-4B64-8366-9868B90A4F44" TEXT="known and unowned" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="D8328A33-3CB4-4007-A667-10CA4888A4A2" TEXT="known" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E4850347-5685-4B9E-B2F6-723725FA5EE9" TEXT="reachable" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="4B7299B7-0482-490F-B6B4-00D53DA4C73E" TEXT="possible" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="A032A2AC-000D-449E-BC63-F3DF1C2EE090" TEXT="only undeveloped goods" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1483273658000" MODIFIED="1483273681000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="DB3F3B3A-2AF6-4076-97DC-8EEAE5C1A938" TEXT="Damstedt" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483273681000" MODIFIED="1483273685000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="66516A5A-7692-49DA-AA84-45C53341174E" TEXT="scope and application of the &quot;provisos&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1495999283000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="641BFEB0-6B85-4B3C-9327-3778F605C5D3" TEXT="sufficiency" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="23B2DDFC-15DE-4336-9CF3-4B2833A116CE" TEXT="strong vs. weak versions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="373D3C2C-4FE1-4009-BE5C-E271A73720B2" TEXT="Nozick, Gordon, Waldron" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="F3A8ED74-CEE7-4C84-9A08-8069C909BBD2" TEXT="strong:  laborer must leave enough in the commons to enable others to engage in appropriation in the same way" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483273186000" MODIFIED="1483273235000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="7D486FD6-B83E-491F-A2B3-57D40DE05327" TEXT="weak:  laborer must not leave others net worse off" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483273236000" MODIFIED="1483273544000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="6EBBB78E-6253-4CAA-842C-1AF7AB2EA743" TEXT="removal of ideas from &quot;the commons&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="FF26279F-548B-4757-8555-820AD9A8ABDB" TEXT="Hughes, Shiffrin, Yen" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="57B8153E-6FCA-4E4B-8815-D2EA5B12AD69" TEXT="addiction to intellectual products" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="74F2EF9C-478D-4D27-AE5A-18619A624C18" TEXT="Gordon" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="870C10C8-E9D3-4E0A-B589-F4977FC01BB2" TEXT="Shiffrin" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="4B0E5948-D744-4FDA-A177-7513DAB9F9E0" TEXT="spoilage" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="526C5C6A-9907-4652-979D-C89F0821E795" TEXT="Damstedt 2003" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="1F01F83D-7CD2-44AA-AE74-C692990EE712" TEXT="normative foundations:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1483275986000" MODIFIED="1483276005000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="627DC4D1-3A9E-4999-95C0-FAED5E5CDC10" TEXT="waste is inherently wrong, not just insofar as it results in harm to other people" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483276008000" MODIFIED="1483276035000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="FA870A21-6868-49C0-894A-20A0355778B6" TEXT="sufficiency proviso, properly interpreted, only preserves other people&#x2019;s access to the commons, defined as undeveloped nature; whereas spoilage proviso can preserve access to developed intangible goods &#x2014; i.e., follow-on innovation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483276037000" MODIFIED="1483276135000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="498F853A-4A63-4220-9DBE-19EF31140AE5" TEXT="&#x201c;I define Lockean waste in the following way: Waste occurs where a unit of a product of labor is not put to any use. &#x2026;  produced. The combination of nonconversion [i.e., refusal to sell] and nonuse constitutes a violation of the waste prohibition.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483272549000" MODIFIED="1483276473000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="57967BFA-2C48-43EA-82E7-0989C08E3331" TEXT="Major implication:  supports recognition of a generous fair-use privilege in all fields of IP law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1483272668000" MODIFIED="1483272703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="6B5250A1-A169-4BFF-AECC-1DF7F57E7A06" TEXT="&#x201c;The result of the laborer&#x2019;s decision not to set the price at zero in order to effectuate total market substitution, reasonable though it may be, creates a fair use right. All those persons who value the good above zero but below the laborer&#x2019;s price can justifiably copy the good without reimbursing the laborer, although these low-value users must make the copy at their own cost, not the cost of the laborer.  Just as the laborer&#x2019;s actions in producing the good create a moral, natural-law-based property right in the good, the laborer&#x2019;s pricing actions may create a moral, natural-law-based fair use right in others.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483276475000" MODIFIED="1485603742000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="B116201C-88DE-4C7F-9607-7727F638C506" TEXT="Doctrinal reforms:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1483272704000" MODIFIED="1483272713000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2756C3AC-B96C-48AD-BE4D-03E7579A1A07" TEXT="&#x201c;[T]he current U.S. fair use right is more limited than the Lockean right. One example considered in this Note is that strong government support for anticircumvention measures may violate Lockean principles if the ability to police the waste prohibition is not protected.&#x201d; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483272716000" MODIFIED="1483272795000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="A61D69AD-597F-473F-9F25-04839DB3C9FA" TEXT="&#x201c;An even larger difference is that there is no coherent *patent* fair use right in the United States, although such a right would be demanded under a Lockean regime.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483272796000" MODIFIED="1495999386000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="A983DB33-75AD-419B-93AC-46202F61C8AF" TEXT="charity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="691FF4E5-A959-4D45-82AB-BAA6B65881B4" TEXT="Gordon" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="5B4DDF6E-DDF6-4480-8F5C-2ADFC1183950" TEXT="Merges" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="19538979-F906-47F3-AC71-057969437EAC" TEXT="Solutions?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9E85F54C-E330-4B99-9DDF-F50A2F7C7156" TEXT="effort to derive answers from Locke is unpromising" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="B9E415A7-2951-414B-ADC0-A39204F43C8D" TEXT="answers require reflection on meaning of &quot;fairness&quot; in contemporary environment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="98C57A99-3355-4909-8219-1E09265824FC" TEXT="Modified form: equity theory" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="ED6DA847-F254-41CC-B286-505C07ACE799" TEXT="Each person deserves a share of the fruits of a collective project proportionate to the magnitude of his or her contribution to the venture" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="AAB25524-9B29-4B5E-B0F3-8817F8083418" TEXT="the theory of distributive justice to which most people (Westerners?) subscribe" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="BD29609C-D8D4-434B-B990-444BE3120113" TEXT="Possible&#10;Implications" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="1D86239E-03B7-4266-82E9-A02DECD00255" TEXT="Copyright" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476096299000" MODIFIED="1476096314000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="E3ACBD8B-9B8A-445D-8236-DEDB3485F4BE" TEXT="copyright in poetry" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Poets.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476095987000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="5B79A31D-295D-452B-8F83-0F5B4A2A8C57" TEXT="Throsby data on Australian poets" LINK="Throsby.pptx" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1496044034000" MODIFIED="1496044252000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="A5DB2142-DA06-4825-BCE4-DE4D66E51A93" TEXT="rights to factual works?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="DC3186EE-DA8D-4CD0-AA1C-7030FC1956DD" TEXT="examples" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483270097000" MODIFIED="1483270101000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="83F7A337-8665-4E2B-9977-0AFFC8B50174" TEXT="maps" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E8A6C4CC-E772-428D-92D2-4FAF262DD09B" TEXT="databases" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="93C9CF23-2CB2-4CD5-AEDE-3278E252390C" TEXT="histories" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="10992F37-DADA-41A1-8C60-4761A5510562" TEXT="autobiographies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B9ACF2A7-E72F-439B-984D-3EB665A5C04D" TEXT="e.g., Hodgson (England 2011)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="161680AF-8A84-45E3-A2C2-FA037FB47012" TEXT="&quot;hot news&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="40C690BB-5EF6-412B-AB67-269542C5489D" TEXT="residue of misappropriation doctrine" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="598B31E6-A6D6-4C24-938F-42FF43177A16" TEXT="labor involved arguably supports copyright claims" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483270119000" MODIFIED="1483270169000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="3FA4A462-05CB-4907-B0BE-5BE0A3FA0E8C" TEXT="tempered, however, by some versions of sufficiency proviso" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483270171000" MODIFIED="1483270207000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="EE3A27E0-A5F9-4ECD-BA7E-A9251BE2FBAE" TEXT="limit copyrights to reflect contributions of materials from the public domain?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1496044352000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="3461CD12-427C-4E34-A284-87A492A589F2" TEXT="e.g., Disney animated versions of folk tales" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Disney.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476096137000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="3A0EC5B4-3E10-464E-9BD4-8C46D524287D" TEXT="Shiffrin 2006" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="8C90044B-B7F8-41F5-AFF9-AE842B4A2A54" TEXT="Chander &amp; Sunder 2004" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="EA553EAA-4E03-42E4-8B19-19C05871F2DD" TEXT="fair compensation of contributors to composite works?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="26E28931-87AF-4BEE-A9AF-8DE6F15EDB09" TEXT="possible zones of doctrinal reform" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1483270294000" MODIFIED="1483270317000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="89E1ADED-663F-41A8-B285-493537FED175" TEXT="contracts + work-for-hire doctrine in copyright" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="66D74849-E119-4624-AAAB-1AD7ED4C705D" TEXT="treatment of pre-employment patent assignment agreements " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="D33255D4-ADF2-46E4-B0B9-EB0725EE5D55" TEXT="rights for creators of &quot;traditional knowledge&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="30FD5AF3-212A-48D1-8CE6-EBD841456B5A" TEXT="division of financial benefits of appropriation art among appropriators and appropriated" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1492621684000" MODIFIED="1492621720000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="AD9D628D-1FB7-4BDA-9C1B-DBDEDF72E56B" TEXT="Merges, &quot;Locke for the Masses&quot;" LINK="http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1851&amp;context=facpubs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476096097000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="FBE0280E-18DE-4394-B96C-45E2F3464DCA" TEXT="Patent" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476096317000" MODIFIED="1476096322000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="48B9937F-127B-4351-8A54-8ABB328C1356" TEXT="potential justification for nonobviousness doctrine" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9A8855E9-25F3-4A6C-94E7-361962DE4ACF" TEXT="premium on creative labor" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="68098F60-38A4-47D8-B9B5-631D8CFCBC3E" TEXT="sufficiency proviso (Nozick)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="F6CD669D-AEC0-4A49-A078-3754ECDB8FA9" TEXT="defense and interpretation of utility requirement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476096414000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="4CAB94FB-EECA-4399-9BA6-2A2AB01B36BD" TEXT="tied to different conceptions of labor" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="46C3BA8E-1C5A-40A1-B802-C4E0F45F3138" TEXT="&quot;shop right&quot; or independent-invention defense?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476096392000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="29C8717A-0855-44CF-BE77-6FEFA89CF55E" TEXT="Nozick's reading of Lockean proviso" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="02BA660F-EBB5-4C0F-A848-DF85BFEB4E79" TEXT="Meurer and Vermont" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="32C1A216-7FCF-478E-9007-350E8F5D03A6" TEXT="possible justification for prizes, liability rules, and compulsory licenses" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="DEC9A333-19D9-4329-B93B-690F5FCC944C" TEXT="because desert arguably generates rights to compensation, not necessarily ownership" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="FDE67B73-5C17-4196-8A30-D4308F316AD9" TEXT="Becker" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E547FAC2-5606-41D4-93B6-462EC0EB4D70" TEXT="but see Merges" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="2B555254-7289-4216-A440-09419439CB1D" TEXT="Right of Publicity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476096482000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="81508A36-CF8A-42A6-AFFF-15FD35F22373" TEXT="claims to rights of publicity undermined by roles played in generating fame by:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1483270424000" MODIFIED="1483270451000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="26CF7639-AD49-4FF1-8D33-C8F0910DD606" TEXT="luck" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="D85FA48C-562B-4E21-8B29-B5947FCC218D" TEXT="contributions to celebrity status by the public" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="6A01D55B-15A5-47C5-B796-067112792EE3" TEXT="Differential Pricing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476096503000" MODIFIED="1476096543000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="F4562173-186D-478C-89D4-26F690D5CA0D" TEXT="Does a natural IP right encompass right to maximize income by discriminating among buyers/users?" LINK="Criteria.key" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476096545000" MODIFIED="1496044512000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="F761021D-EEDC-47E3-85BE-599046E14032" TEXT="analysis from here on &#10;depends upon theories &#10;of equality" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476096545000" MODIFIED="1476096545000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="6B3245FD-BE8C-4BC8-A085-009152A4B549" TEXT="see Dabu 2005" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476096545000" MODIFIED="1476096545000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="6EF21EA4-99CF-48E3-B492-4D004C69EF4E" TEXT="Unfair Competition" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476221480000" MODIFIED="1476221489000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9CBD8EC6-8375-4962-9C98-8B3AA3AE4CE7" TEXT="Deceit" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476221492000" MODIFIED="1476221498000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="006CB72A-685E-4B6D-880D-F0090C186DE0" TEXT="Lying is presumptively immoral" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476221612000" MODIFIED="1483382516000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="AEE58539-DA3E-4DA3-AD44-4248948DA4ED" TEXT="Sissela Bok derives this presumption from a combination of:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483383208000" MODIFIED="1483383255000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="DA37DA26-2635-476B-88B0-A4BA7D433CAB" TEXT="the social benefits of general adherence to the principle of veracity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483383258000" MODIFIED="1483383278000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="B15D6A2E-EBF3-4861-95A0-16630436769A" TEXT="egalitarianism, which renders immoral free-riding on others&#x2019; adherence to that principle" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483383282000" MODIFIED="1483383337000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="F5384AC9-94C5-4887-9931-596E24B600BA" TEXT="can provide the foundation for liability for some forms of passing off and for consumer confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483379322000" MODIFIED="1485720169000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="54FB7A0F-46F4-4AAE-9367-D76D599B6D92" TEXT="Free-riding" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476221507000" MODIFIED="1476221515000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="EF758603-1552-4A2D-8D20-EF1896DF20FA" TEXT="The crop analogy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476221530000" MODIFIED="1476221545000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2E6E5AEF-C4AC-4468-A446-0141DE150C58" TEXT="Wrong to reap where one has not sown" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476221545000" MODIFIED="1476221561000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="4CBD1AF6-AFC5-4A95-91F5-2B297409C5B0" TEXT="Debate among philosophers concerning the circumstances under which free riding is morally permissible" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1483379175000" MODIFIED="1483379216000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="5EEF1431-2ED7-4EA3-8A7F-49C53F088673" TEXT="HLA Hart" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1485846514000" MODIFIED="1485846522000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="F182B3BB-6C47-48C7-BA85-B6469283637F" TEXT="(as summarized by Kenneally):  &#x201c;when a group of people restrict their activities according to a set of rules, including legal rules, any person who benefits from their compliance with those rules owes it to them to comply with the same rules, regardless of whether he or she consented to the rules.&#x201d; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1485846525000" MODIFIED="1495999697000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="4252CCBD-1435-461B-B8BA-BD2B2866768C" TEXT="Rawls" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1485846614000" MODIFIED="1485846619000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="0D917055-F637-449C-BB69-0484FCE6A5BD" TEXT="if &#x201c;a mutually beneficial and just scheme of social cooperation&#x201d; imposes some costs on its intended beneficiaries, some of whom are tempted to obtain the benefits without bearing the costs, the &#x201c;person who has accepted the benefits of the scheme is bound by a duty of fair play to do his part and not to take advantage of the free benefit by not cooperating.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1485846619000" MODIFIED="1495999730000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="8AC88A92-4443-447C-A76B-01FC9F31E116" TEXT="Nozick" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1483379222000" MODIFIED="1485846660000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="673647CA-202D-44E2-903A-413850470A6B" TEXT="repudiates this &#x201c;principle of fairness,&#x201d; emphasizing absence of ex ante agreement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1485846660000" MODIFIED="1485846691000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="CD4E17CC-C3A1-49E1-961D-EAA6A1497F73" TEXT="Kenneally&#x2019;s proposed solution" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1483379243000" MODIFIED="1483379255000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="E432E5C6-859F-4153-851F-068C18259DE5" TEXT="&#x201c;When the benefit-recipient has a decisive reason to obtain the benefit even at a cost to herself, independent of the opportunity to obtain the benefit by free-riding, and the benefit-provider seeks compensation for his or her own investment in making the benefit available, free-riding is impermissible.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1483379257000" MODIFIED="1485720241000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="36F8F074-565A-4688-A919-1768A44B69B6" TEXT="example:  &#x201c;a mariner who must navigate at night has decisive reason to support the construction and maintenance of lighthouses while the land-bound might not.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1485846369000" MODIFIED="1485846391000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="8F12B97E-DB01-49C6-8C0B-DE72042A5693" TEXT="&#x201c;But if the benefit-recipient&#x2019;s reasons for obtaining the benefit are largely based on the benefit-provider&#x2019;s own actions and the recipient has done nothing to encourage the provider&#x2019;s expectation of contribution, free-riding is unobjectionable.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483379278000" MODIFIED="1483382500000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="F441EDCA-4B9D-4140-BA7A-4019183B6449" TEXT="Possible applications" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1495999796000" MODIFIED="1495999808000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="D99EDE9D-6821-4C92-987A-245EE7ACD030" TEXT="Organizations parasitic on professional sporting events" LINK="FreeRiding.pptx" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1495999811000" MODIFIED="1496046058000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9B9FD1E7-E2C3-4B7E-A5F5-ACD6CF263CC6" TEXT="concessionaires outside stadium" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1495999841000" MODIFIED="1496045295000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="6DBF7442-1C23-4C91-B6D1-FDDF21C1FDBD" TEXT="Restaurants near stadium" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1496045296000" MODIFIED="1496045310000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="8B775A87-4DF3-4888-B5CE-FF071968F439" TEXT="gambling" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1495999849000" MODIFIED="1495999873000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="519710AA-30E4-4D1B-9CA8-EDD83353B64C" TEXT="Live (long distance) viewing of the events" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1495999874000" MODIFIED="1495999912000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="F4AB0DCF-37D4-498F-B157-1054841723A3" TEXT="Real-time reporting of the events" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1495999913000" MODIFIED="1495999921000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="468FFA78-6D9C-401C-A27A-B7985DB0DBB2" TEXT="Custom" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476221516000" MODIFIED="1476221524000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="7949CCFD-6ED6-4E50-A1E3-726FC06CAE0E" TEXT="Legal Realist proposals for commercial law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476221644000" MODIFIED="1476221656000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="A014F859-9670-4D38-A870-03951C43BD88" TEXT="Bibliography" LINK="http://182.fab.mwp.accessdomain.com/ip-theory/" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1513077451000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="7EF33294-207E-4510-A47A-FD4F12D88B5B" TEXT="Welfare" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" POSITION="left" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="6EBA20BB-2921-46A2-A7E6-E86BEFC001F0" TEXT="Incentive Theory" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="2875446F-8576-4900-AD1D-FDB615D6BF2D" TEXT="Roots" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="6D3BD822-B464-436D-8512-E714027FDA38" TEXT="Utilitarianism" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="0822F48E-57E1-4153-BB2D-DE064B9B5A95" TEXT="Jeremy Bentham, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="A7C8D013-350C-49DA-B2D9-2338BC0EE724" TEXT="J.S. Mill, Principles of Political Economy (1848)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="B6DDF8AD-A850-4EFE-AA71-6BC9F78E740B" TEXT="Criterion:  &quot;greatest happiness of the greatest number&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="7CDDFEB1-5417-4BE5-BFA6-2D21E49573FC" TEXT="prospective" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="1F7BA2EB-CE9C-46A6-AAB7-D3A0167322F2" TEXT="collective" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="D395C407-78AA-479E-BEEA-59FCFA085D4F" TEXT="Economic Analysis of Law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="B326BC9E-1266-4571-8E77-53067241737F" TEXT="an approach to legal scholarship that became increasingly influential starting in 1980" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="5A74314F-DF3F-486E-B28C-338F98BC4211" TEXT="for explication of the approach and an associated bibliography, see the map on Economic Analysis" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/EAL.htm" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476008971000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="812DE20C-1D5F-4048-8392-E68319AE6A18" TEXT="Public-Goods &quot;Problem&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="12864601-1A77-464B-B5D1-498C2C08B8E5" TEXT="Conditions that define a public good" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="7028795C-BDEF-49A7-8508-F3979F9947DB" TEXT="Nonrivalrous" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="92C9022F-3C4C-46C3-B171-4EDA3DBBBA44" TEXT="Nonexcludable" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="505FD952-645F-46F2-B783-07C721586EEE" TEXT="Examples of public goods" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="59A08973-96E8-4B78-A602-DA1E89558986" TEXT="navigational aids" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Lighthouse.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476008898000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C0F6692E-6091-4E7C-AAF1-547FFADFA58A" TEXT="national defense" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="9FF43C4E-391F-431E-87A6-8538CE19F739" TEXT="roads" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="627E00B4-78BC-4887-8DC5-9C73072A802B" TEXT="inventions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="0B1F680C-96AC-471B-B397-398D2A7B60F6" TEXT="reproducible art" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="DD71D239-3859-4461-BC36-DD766D186FBC" TEXT="The problem:  underproduction" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="42722C74-288D-496E-B349-34046AE64D00" TEXT="Original creator will not be able to recover costs of creation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="DBB72320-EBCD-46AA-9B15-2D8A81A1C490" TEXT="Anticipating this effect, creation will not occur in the first instance" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="3474B5AF-B9F2-4E7A-B079-F1A09E1A664D" TEXT="Mill (1848)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="4F149342-8278-4069-AB90-9780D8C18383" TEXT="Pigou (1924)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="D6B8944F-279E-4E10-BBF4-A67C173832B9" TEXT="Arrow (1962)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="08450896-B073-412F-AD36-F02F5815AB35" TEXT="Circumstances that exacerbate the problem" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="8EF83C93-FF6F-496A-871A-10177033D3C2" TEXT="a. High costs of creation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="DF3A2774-18F3-4E58-AA97-BF3D181C4391" TEXT="b. High uncertainty" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="3C8F9186-05E2-41CC-B62E-BDC8F3CF4DD5" TEXT="Risk aversion may discourage potential innovators" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="5BB2397D-A3DF-40DF-931B-1425B5CFDB09" TEXT="for detailed assessment of this variable, see Horowitz (2012)" LINK="http://lawreview.uchicago.edu/sites/lawreview.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/79_1/12%20Horowitz%20ART.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476012026000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="D435D750-36E6-40B4-9D77-88293365F11B" TEXT="c. Low marginal cost of production" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C06FC2BB-6D3A-43C3-948F-8E19B2AC0EE9" TEXT="d. Ease of reverse engineering" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C12A59B7-2C5E-446D-9FB6-42801F3CAFCD" TEXT="e. Positive externalities from the public good" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="47FA0BAA-0BF0-487E-963B-26CDEDCE54A6" TEXT="&quot;infrastructure&quot; or &quot;generativity&quot; functions " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F5E1AED2-B90E-4A3F-9D22-3B76A2A522EB" TEXT="Jonathan Zittrain, The Future of the Internet (2008)" LINK="http://futureoftheinternet.org/files/2013/06/ZittrainTheFutureoftheInternet.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476012083000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="3065919F-0691-48AF-B67E-90AC26F55554" TEXT="Brett Frischmann, Infrastructure (2012)" LINK="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASnvCWlGZaI" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476012147000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="B470754C-902B-4E9D-86C8-0FADB3109070" TEXT="Circumstances that mitigate the problem" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="7A309F93-6773-48A6-A9CB-7056226A7DBA" TEXT="a. Lead time protects first mover" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="DBED48E0-547B-4A3D-943C-F7740C642C1C" TEXT="e.g., trade books" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="DCF71344-6F70-45BC-AD1D-AD0BEE688403" TEXT="Breyer (1970)" LINK="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1339714?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476012212000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C25FECC0-C7BE-4657-A3F8-0CD2505423EC" TEXT="Breyer in retrospect (2011)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="8B2DD01E-ECC3-4C82-A149-3DC7DE3A46D8" TEXT="e.g., aerospace" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504811670000" MODIFIED="1504811680000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="EABAA55B-6096-470A-9719-3FDD3E250567" TEXT="Reverse engineering and manufacturing is very expensive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504811684000" MODIFIED="1504811713000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="EAB832AD-BDE4-454D-BFFB-8E47B98CFCAC" TEXT="e.g., fashion?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A18D1EAB-552C-4DFC-AA70-8B134F8B0FB4" TEXT="this was once true; less so now" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="0A86D009-C992-46A7-9C16-8E6EA1830101" TEXT="e.g., innovative formations or plays in US football" LINK="http://freakonomics.com/2010/09/17/copyrighting-football-a-guest-post/" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476012462000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="22CFA106-3300-4245-B67F-D9F7CC04B4A9" TEXT="b. Custom or extralegal norms protect first mover" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="AB1781B4-6348-497B-918E-FDC1153BB144" TEXT="e.g., trade books" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="C844300B-29C0-4F41-93AC-3E024AA5264A" TEXT="Breyer (1970)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="9CE8B910-9A05-4679-9E0F-0EE401952C66" TEXT="Meredith McGill, American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853 (2003)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1491580088000" MODIFIED="1491580139000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="27925190-88AD-4B2E-8267-D0CE44E9ED26" TEXT="e.g., comedy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476102311000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F4046444-F4A2-4587-B84B-A7B6682A33DF" TEXT="Oliar &amp; Sprigman" LINK="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1138376" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476012517000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="691F97E4-64E6-4344-B560-14A58C89E882" TEXT="c. Opportunities for increasing excludability through self-help" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="139E1846-E0E4-4DD3-A731-E3A2BA800870" TEXT="Secrecy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="E51FAB13-0402-4346-A6A4-857E26B0722B" TEXT="e.g., soft drinks; chocolate; software" LINK="http://secondstory.com/project/vault-of-the-secret-formula" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476012556000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="25F7B145-716C-4361-B12A-5E37437BE18B" TEXT="Encryption" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="95524171-33EE-4C16-B209-2FAAB9CC2CD1" TEXT="e.g., sound recordings and audiovisual works on CDs and DVDs" LINK="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection_schemes" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476012756000" MODIFIED="1476012793000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="116EBEBA-C95C-4F0C-8FD8-C0068BCFB3D9" TEXT="Contracts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D2C5A6B0-D943-473B-B56A-B44CA66B7461" TEXT="e.g., Databases" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="1C2A6F58-F5B4-4F01-B537-138395C3B298" TEXT="e.g., Lexis/Westlaw" LINK="http://www.lexisnexis.com/terms/general.aspx" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476012591000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="D0A338A6-4395-4D1D-AFDB-8A3042575995" TEXT="d. Opportunities for appropriation of the benefits of innovation through complementary capabilities" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504809999000" MODIFIED="1504810051000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="E1210E6F-0540-41C3-AB0C-CA7D8C874D81" TEXT="Marketing skills" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504810055000" MODIFIED="1504811348000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="DFBFB2BB-E8C2-449D-9092-FBF7552F17B2" TEXT="Manufacturing skills" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504811328000" MODIFIED="1504811339000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="4500DB58-89CA-443A-81A3-223C39CA05AD" TEXT="Service" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504811820000" MODIFIED="1504811826000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="94734848-B77C-433B-871A-1911F3ED9C78" TEXT="e. Opportunities for speculation in markets in materials related to discoveries" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1505215570000" MODIFIED="1505215614000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="8B429F69-707E-4304-B0F6-4ACFE508EAFA" TEXT="Hirshleifer" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1505215616000" MODIFIED="1505215625000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="75C31402-D5D3-42FA-A38F-AD27492A4C27" TEXT="Edison and bamboo" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1505215625000" MODIFIED="1505215634000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="EEF06FFF-4C9A-496A-B518-C5225D44D4BE" TEXT="f. Nonpecuniary motivations for production" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1505215646000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="C74E8EA1-F9DD-4C4E-9414-5B28A50A92F6" TEXT="Passion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="12C3F559-EA0F-4646-B708-9DD5F1E24F77" TEXT="e.g. Tushnet, &#x201c;Economies of Desire&#x201d; (2009)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483311504000" MODIFIED="1483311551000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="6EFFBE6C-7F22-4574-B3F0-94428C2C9288" TEXT="e.g., Kwall, *The Soul of Creativity* (2010)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483311552000" MODIFIED="1483311575000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="B802003E-07BF-4E65-AD5D-BCB015C8C832" TEXT="Prestige/fame" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="DD6C1165-2DFF-44C7-B18B-34849114ED36" TEXT="Tenure" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="9348EB1F-7CB0-4286-B16F-6F9192DD61B6" TEXT="Norms of science" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="AFB419B4-8212-48D1-B48C-C3A7A4974C13" TEXT="Rai (1999)" LINK="http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1398&amp;context=faculty_scholarship" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476013263000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="9F31AF43-4A14-4499-A5CC-A90A489B6738" TEXT="Golden (2001)" LINK="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1241983" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476013289000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="3EAB770A-F634-4160-A504-477F1C491A6A" TEXT="Intellectual Challenge" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504812448000" MODIFIED="1504812454000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="391E6326-A6AF-401D-B3F0-97DDD5E56599" TEXT="Stern (2004):  biochemists accept 25% wage decrease from firms in return for opportunity to do more academic research" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504812470000" MODIFIED="1504812536000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="32C2981D-A043-407B-919E-82C936111345" TEXT="Sauermann (2008): taste for academic research correlated with innovative output" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504812553000" MODIFIED="1504812598000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="62786BED-E42A-460D-A86D-7D25B6EAC46D" TEXT="Advertising" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="5EE7F9E3-113B-4C67-985E-810C8B10F7A4" TEXT="Harlan/McKenna in Bleistein" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C09AA71C-79D6-4C3C-AB06-1ACDA89934B3" TEXT="sound recordings may serve as ads for performances" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="12318516-75C5-4E6B-8C44-8710F2D6C054" TEXT="e.g., tecnobrega in Brazil" LINK="http://www.thembj.org/2011/12/breaking-the-shackles-of-copyright-law-brazil&#x2019;s-tecnobrega/" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476013184000" MODIFIED="1476013220000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="3B34A8D3-B519-4763-8170-DC1FB0162E87" TEXT="Collaborative &#10;voluntary creation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="16F898A3-FBA5-42A1-9333-0FD712BA6AA7" TEXT="Benkler, &quot;Coase's Penguin&quot; (2002)" LINK="http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.html" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476013324000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="A054CF83-8A3E-4AA5-8D83-A05029AA911F" TEXT="Benkler, &quot;Sharing Nicely&quot; (2004)" LINK="http://benkler.org/SharingNicely.html" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476013349000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="AD252945-C8D1-426F-87B3-E3AFC3520DBD" TEXT="g. Philanthropy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1505215650000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="261ADBF9-BD40-4E56-B61E-07D8994FB3CD" TEXT="traditional source of funding for musical composition" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476102374000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="0F0E1D41-23A7-4375-8A59-7035BBFBB991" TEXT="F.M. Scherer, Innovation Lottery" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476013431000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="6CD48D92-383D-4CB0-BAF2-505B90101EAA" TEXT="Public radio in USA" LINK="http://www.npr.org/stations/donate/" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476013411000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="CDECF4E6-01D4-4603-940E-8ABBE61E7110" TEXT="Possible Solutions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A1D16E56-AEBF-49DC-BA2A-C012971A62BA" TEXT="Solution #1:  Government Provides the Good" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F36668E3-B894-4D66-8944-5293E8A6B347" TEXT="Space Research" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="C6C857EC-65BA-47D1-B4E6-BE3A0EEC7F9A" TEXT="NASA" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="AB1AEE8B-B6AB-48C9-807F-0132A72A8FBF" TEXT="Agricultural Research" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F1CB1432-5292-44A3-9482-6B9CB257DECA" TEXT="Department of Agriculture" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="D08811B6-24D4-40F7-B7B9-51872D804740" TEXT="Medical Research" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="79B53BFA-3BF1-4FBC-B56F-CF1E055EE612" TEXT="National Institutes of Health" LINK="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/11/us/politics/national-institutes-of-health-budget-trump.html?hp&amp;action=click&amp;pgtype=Homepage&amp;clickSource=story-heading&amp;module=first-column-region&amp;region=top-news&amp;WT.nav=top-news" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1505208595000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="6C539C81-132E-4A66-B1A0-A8E555CF0D44" TEXT="National Defense" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="CBAA3093-88B9-442A-B742-D41AAD401660" TEXT="Navigational Aids" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="984FB710-7828-4503-9E53-1B7E8DC5EB83" TEXT="Compare Coase (1974) with " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="FFDA6526-6C4A-4887-83D6-FC08916A1B91" TEXT="Van Zandt (1973) and Shavell (1996)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="58B16B70-88F7-4715-89E0-08C95010D157" TEXT="Solution #2:  Government Subsidizes Private Innovators" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1573257857000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="13954A4A-8122-46E6-AB92-8BC3F4E73B6B" TEXT="National Institutes of Health (NIH)" LINK="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/11/us/politics/national-institutes-of-health-budget-trump.html?hp&amp;action=click&amp;pgtype=Homepage&amp;clickSource=story-heading&amp;module=first-column-region&amp;region=top-news&amp;WT.nav=top-news" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1505208623000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="7722C19D-B9BD-4BD6-9166-80EFF95E62B1" TEXT="National Endowment for the Arts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="86C4E121-B7B8-4D1D-9A81-BC3FB9E68395" TEXT="European cinema" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="2812B39B-17F4-460B-908A-3E7F6D9404BC" TEXT="In most countries in Europe, government agencies contribute funding for film productions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D5037B4C-5074-4C65-9FB3-EEB63287BE5B" TEXT="most of the monies are distributed by national agencies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="93D98BFA-3303-43FA-B9C9-B5431134CD19" TEXT="modest amounts distributed by regional agencies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="A0A1DA93-2ED7-419A-9617-7B53EA0A8575" TEXT="sources of the funds" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="7F1B4A41-9317-48CF-9177-A6AD4C0F35B4" TEXT="general tax revenues" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="DDEE65B1-90F4-4990-A9CD-481E97056D2A" TEXT="tax on television stations or television advertising" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="47AE2C94-FEF3-4FE6-89F5-9A744AF64169" TEXT="especially important in France" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="287C5411-96C2-4AC5-9590-6B26F78DA048" TEXT="tax on box-office receipts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="9549CBAA-6A17-4A4F-956B-104A4CC8185E" TEXT="pattern of distribution" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="551A0F0E-123A-40E8-94EB-70B973814CBE" TEXT="offset biases of the private market" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="1FC83F83-60A1-4313-9A9D-400DD1C3D2AA" TEXT="favor SMEs, unconventional projects, first and second films" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="008C080B-7003-4781-B786-60CBB5CBC4B6" TEXT="Tax Credits for R&amp;D" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1573257894000" MODIFIED="1573257909000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="CD302782-FCFC-4E2B-8FC5-D28FAC361E7E" TEXT="e.g., USA, Canada, UK, France" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1573440286000" MODIFIED="1573440309000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="5CF02F12-BC87-485F-9B8A-CAC83636C8EB" TEXT="military procurement contracts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="FB66028C-EDF8-49B4-8FD7-EF6B55314BC4" TEXT="Variation:  Auction off the right to provide a particular innovation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="6C04CE74-8F3B-4A9F-866D-C8B8143DC299" TEXT="Solution #3:  Government Issues Prizes to Successful Private Producers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F95E2C28-798C-4D82-B1ED-F74F0D6F86A8" TEXT="Proponents" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="0667B384-6CFC-48F1-B623-190AB989A0EB" TEXT="Madison" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A7108274-40E3-4334-936E-4635735AA7A0" TEXT="see Waltersheid (1994)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="AD83ED80-3FB9-411E-927C-00F364E221EE" TEXT="Macfie (1863; 1875)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="99CE73F6-FABF-4756-9B3A-1FEC5757FFC0" TEXT="Polanvyi (1944)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="CC8BDA23-B5E8-4401-9946-EF99397A1246" TEXT="Kremer (1998; 2000)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="D1803617-0033-4566-AD2F-C8FE0377CC88" TEXT="Calandrillo (1998)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="25DD207F-1A37-43C0-A607-A39F1DBE9E89" TEXT="Shavell &amp; Ypersele (2001)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="93D75CE9-1E76-4B60-935C-EE1C6A24A312" TEXT="Netanel (2003)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="E7BBD89D-04F2-43EC-AB0B-F192388BE2CE" TEXT="Fisher (2004)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="9904E486-A173-4434-A259-80C4ECE6F8AC" TEXT="Existing Examples" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D2E867BC-B3E2-4D66-9335-360806370B0A" TEXT="USSR" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="5D1C1386-B855-40AC-B82E-1DC41745AAA4" TEXT="PRC" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D1E8F907-8E65-4B6E-AC8E-F3F5B640FC07" TEXT="Huang (2003)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="FC811B59-529F-4C4F-837B-C4DC66DD2E2A" TEXT="Atomic Energy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="719B4C26-704A-45B5-B4EC-30F789DF51F0" TEXT="Reisenfeld (1958)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="085D87AB-1334-494F-BB3E-9BD570FA3CBD" TEXT="Audio Home Recording Act (1992)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="1E4B1FB0-923D-4248-AD8F-546BE736E75F" TEXT="All Digital Audio Recording Devices (DARDs) must contain SCMS" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="B5A953D3-8038-49E8-A852-DC8CABA6E73C" TEXT="Compulsory Royalty on DARDs (2% of wholesale) and Media (3% of wholesale)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="017E6C4D-BDA1-45D3-9E65-199DCEBA7A56" TEXT="1/3 to Musical Works Fund" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C6FB494B-5FBA-4CD8-B37B-213BA7A2A463" TEXT="2/3 to Sound Recordings Fund" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="9FDB6859-B574-45F1-A640-49BDAA549C66" TEXT="Safe harbor for sale of DARDs and noncommercial use of DARDs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="7E304A09-DFB5-48BF-AF2B-00A2C2AC61CC" TEXT="see Fisher (2004), chpt. 3" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="C3E076F4-CE63-4F6E-A47B-EAB850799B73" TEXT="NASA Centennial Challenges" LINK="http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/centennial_challenges/index.html" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476103212000" MODIFIED="1476103233000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="66A76BD0-0433-4463-A468-14D680B489B8" TEXT="General Description" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476103563000" MODIFIED="1476103570000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="5EF5CADF-B4D5-4E19-9311-4018424ADA07" TEXT="&#x201c;NASA Centennial Challenges were initiated in 2005 to directly engage the public in the process of advanced technology development. The program offers incentive prizes to generate revolutionary solutions to problems of interest to NASA and the nation. The program seeks innovations from diverse and non-traditional sources. Competitors are not supported by government funding and awards are only made to successful teams when the challenges are met.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476103282000" MODIFIED="1476103449000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="65CBA43B-4A78-49D2-9D19-A16CBDE02E55" TEXT="&#x201c;In keeping with the spirit of the Wright Brothers and other American innovators, the Centennial Challenge prizes are offered to independent inventors including small businesses, student groups and individuals. These independent inventors are sought to generate innovative solutions for technical problems of interest to NASA and the nation and to provide them with the opportunity to stimulate or create new business ventures.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476103310000" MODIFIED="1476103343000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="77F642A4-4D2C-4274-8624-990A964872B5" TEXT="&#x201c;The President&#x2019;s budget request includes $4 million per year for Centennial Challenges prizes to allow further growth in the scope and range of prize competitions and even greater opportunities for the citizen-inventor to participate in NASA&#x2019;s research and development.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476103325000" MODIFIED="1476103334000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="9A7F9375-2A26-4237-9484-C4AAACA9047C" TEXT="Example:  &#x201c;NASA is offering $1.1 million in prize money in Phase 2 of the 3D-Printed Habitat Challenge for new ways to build houses where future space explorers can live and work. The three-part competition asks citizen inventors to use readily available and recyclable materials for the raw material to print habitats.&#x201d;" LINK="http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/centennial_challenges_icehouse.jpg" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476103450000" MODIFIED="1476103544000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D754F734-B11D-4200-A942-902A15E6669F" TEXT="Teams can sign up for the competition until January 1, 2017" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476103483000" MODIFIED="1476103502000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="0F45BA84-713C-483B-BAF1-24E283A3520E" TEXT="Proposed Examples" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D2CB45B9-F3DC-400F-942D-02B6495C68BF" TEXT="Mandatory" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="33CB2160-71A5-4D16-90E5-EAF480DC02F0" TEXT="In patent context" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="46DE45FB-92A4-42F7-AF14-CCB046662CA3" TEXT="see Shavell/Ypersele (2001) " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="54562AA3-835F-43FA-9766-4E42E1854304" TEXT="Awarded to all inventors who meet creativity requirements and who apply" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="731723E4-44D6-4A5E-A087-5E3D2419597B" TEXT="Inventors have no right to exclude competitors and thus no monopoly power" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C909A0BD-A3E6-437D-9B07-83E5B941A1B7" TEXT="Financial incentives derive from revenues distributed ex post by government on basis of sales data and surveys" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="4C7F568C-7165-4B3F-BFED-568B58F682A8" TEXT="Objective:  pay inventors the full &#x201c;social surplus&#x201d; of the invention" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="8C791EF7-E749-4DC0-A5ED-66B7F22947B5" TEXT="requires including in the prizes estimates of the social value of follow-on innovations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="364543BA-25E4-4B7E-8F5C-57F66D443F77" TEXT="Revenue raised from income taxation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="E2F0ACE0-A735-4F1A-ACCA-097F290CF68E" TEXT="Limited duration?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="C23CAAB1-3EB3-415F-8AD4-D0EC0A5CF71F" TEXT="In copyright context" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="6BD40377-5531-4CA3-86D3-1C7205EEF90E" TEXT="see Netanel (2003)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="01D52D57-6326-44E4-8350-0E5E0E9EBEC3" TEXT="see Fisher (2004), chpt. 6" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="0EB99739-2242-4DBF-A87A-4A6B721DC7A6" TEXT="Optional" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="09C85027-91FB-4C7A-9602-33FE852737D1" TEXT="Authors and artists are permitted to choose between copyright system and reward system" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="763AA3E3-4493-4DB5-9AFB-7F2E49E1A3D6" TEXT="Inventors are permitted to choose between patent system and reward system" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="84483C3A-8096-471D-927A-935441914F97" TEXT="Patent Purchase Program" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="89D13712-B1C4-4CDD-B363-CAD8CB23EF15" TEXT="Government offers to purchase patents" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="3AFD284F-C1FA-4979-8325-DC7E7036E541" TEXT="Possible techniques for determining offer prices:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="E6A461D9-7C53-4BE3-A494-5D8D8A66346E" TEXT="fair market value on date of purchase" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="B49FA19C-F743-42F4-ABB3-5A702DD5B48F" TEXT="Patent Buy-out system:  Government holds auctions on patented inventions, then offers to buy out (most) patentees at the highest plus a markup (to reflect gap between private and social value)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="06FC0F9D-8C09-49C3-BC76-168878BE35D3" TEXT="Kremer (1998)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="1C579FC3-7F1B-4E77-823E-5F979D853736" TEXT="Which patents?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="751FFB7E-8A5C-4079-A384-9F8C1DCF544F" TEXT="all?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="794A2A49-B2BE-403D-A8AD-701B99CAA5BC" TEXT="patents in industries characterized by cumulative innovation or patent thickets?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="99A34FF2-BE8F-4120-9D6C-D7F26A9B9F1E" TEXT="patents in industries the government wishes to promote?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="0130987D-9E6A-4F71-90CE-2DCD4AD315E6" TEXT="patents in industries where social costs of monopoly pricing are especially high?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="34D748E1-9C29-4ECE-9F60-05AF4F258369" TEXT="e.g., life-saving drugs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="C016C392-99D0-49D7-9F63-C14A618A1013" TEXT="Patent Expropriation Program" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="BCF15043-D9A0-4672-AF33-D1E50F6DD438" TEXT="28 USC 1498(a)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F07CF31C-3587-48F7-A728-5116EDDB1BF6" TEXT="&quot;Whenever an invention described in and covered by a patent of the United States is used or manufactured by or for the United States without license of the owner thereof or lawful right to use or manufacture the same, the owner's remedy shall be by action against the United States in the United States Court of Federal Claims for the recovery of his reasonable and entire compensation for such use and manufacture.&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="F08EC73A-ECB4-4E32-AA01-2895B0B611DF" TEXT="Theory" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="E3AE9C7C-2389-4763-AAA5-00EF80A947ED" TEXT="Dominant Theory:  Form of Eminent Domain; 5th amendment thus requires &quot;just compensation&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="1057B01D-B703-4097-880B-1603733B1500" TEXT="in effect, &quot;inverse condemnation&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="22875E23-43BA-40EE-B7DB-874892E363E6" TEXT="Subordinate Theory:  Prospective Implied Easement (since 1910); statutory interpretation requires &quot;just compensation&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="E5662159-FE6B-4D2C-BE03-ACF4830CE539" TEXT="cf. Bayh-Dole Act reserves to federal government a nonexclusive, nontransferrable right to practice the patent arising out of federally funded research anywhere in the world" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="86F9EF72-DF4F-4B85-98CE-DB7984C1D19E" TEXT="Practice" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="3B8CE11F-16FC-453C-9A78-DBA2C38FE7BF" TEXT="No injunctive relief" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="9A571A48-B010-4819-B12E-9B588385D817" TEXT="No recovery for contributory infringement or inducement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="7A1D2C79-F4E9-4647-A8E9-86E62265A313" TEXT="a few older (pre-1940) cases awarded lost profits" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="92C94659-BEC6-4550-A913-750E8A68DAF3" TEXT="modern cases create strong presumption that only remedy is reasonable royalty" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="6EF1A1AB-C890-49E3-9CA9-2008F2A55BCB" TEXT="for criticism, see Cahoy (2002)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="8D2C82FE-B3E9-4090-AE91-28D1AC66878D" TEXT="Additional statutory authority might be necessary to empower the federal government to authorize third parties to make and sell embodiments of patents" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="ABE1854D-7373-4695-B692-EAA33915F919" TEXT="An Alternative Compensation System for Recorded Media" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="11E5810B-7A2C-413E-943B-7774E5C79A7F" TEXT="Principles" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="2357091C-0E10-4144-AAE4-C706DB0DF819" TEXT="1. Money should be collected from businesses that capitalize upon consumers' demand for digital movies, but currently pay no fees" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="FCECF819-B4A0-4F27-AB70-C9609C0617A2" TEXT="Internet Service Providers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C15F7EF8-5562-436E-9A76-1A31251A8E44" TEXT="Manufacturers of consumer electronic equipment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="40F5298F-28F4-46F1-9F87-98A27D07A5AB" TEXT="computers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C2DBE5C0-070C-481B-8A67-A0E030DD8CE2" TEXT="smartphones" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="E6E6A027-B6AE-4886-A1AF-8CCC9FF68264" TEXT="tablets" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="CDD324F9-7839-45B1-B5FB-368F94C2F563" TEXT="Media-related software applications" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="87FFB95D-9708-49A3-B076-99802C896914" TEXT="2. The funds collected in this manner should then be distributed to creators" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A10FE85F-B209-4A8A-B45F-4A5E9B13CCBC" TEXT="The formula used to determine shares would vary by country" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="7F869E09-4C1E-41F1-B77D-5B9354164F9D" TEXT="USA" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="3024EADC-04AA-4148-A3F4-3B8995CC1361" TEXT="strong commitment to principle of consumer sovereignty" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="F2CD97D0-D670-4C9F-943D-DFE947F5B34E" TEXT="suspicion of governmental involvement in the arts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="EAD05F21-59FE-4188-9713-E9E96F0BA8A0" TEXT="points toward criterion:  funds distributed in proportion to popularity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="FA7FC394-23EB-4814-B87F-18A9C96646D7" TEXT="i.e., copyright owners receive shares proportional to the frequency with which their works are watched or listened to" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="34C2999F-9089-4FDA-84F4-EF919C9DFF01" TEXT="Europe" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="3E47036B-CD3E-4569-A2A0-D451F6D5CC6A" TEXT="multiple criteria would likely be combined in different proportions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D66227CC-2B7F-4720-A825-109FEE3F827F" TEXT="relative popularity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="3DE3A74A-3DF6-40F5-B5A2-54F4C5439C03" TEXT="voting" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C5FA5C58-BA4D-46CE-B4B1-28DCF3895FB6" TEXT="cultural fund" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="F898709A-B3F2-45D3-841F-9BD1A478525C" TEXT="see Philippe Aigrain" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="341C6D52-A062-43DE-B349-CC3A91C2AE64" TEXT="3. Thereafter, online distribution of movies and recorded music should be legalized" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="42BAAAB6-00C5-4130-BA4C-BCAD93F6BD1B" TEXT="Variants" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="2B1C6E53-3C65-4A64-B2FA-F1489B0689C9" TEXT="1. Governmental" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="275AD396-8099-4228-B96B-46886172B1FF" TEXT="Funds collected through levies on ISPs, manufacturers of media-related consumer electronic products, etc." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="EE045D43-58CE-4A05-B762-B5FF9D1A1474" TEXT="Funds distributed by national government agency" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="AEA34A13-C6EE-4E88-9216-349D303D0829" TEXT="modification and enlargement of the public funding mechanisms already in place in Europe" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="4B7526EA-4EC3-4188-A158-565DC4ACB5BC" TEXT="2. Private" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="43C24562-AC78-4CA1-B8F3-D4C2AEC5116B" TEXT="Alter rules of secondary copyright liability to put pressure on ISPs, manufacturers to participate in the construction of a nongovernmental system" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="EF726B60-62F9-4AB7-917C-47401530C7DE" TEXT="immunize them from antitrust liability for negotiating such a system collectively" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="04761382-62DC-457B-9647-DC738B071F1A" TEXT="Funds collected and distributed by the resultant nonprofit organization" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="F5F0F5A7-B193-42AC-AEB3-07198126DDF8" TEXT="Mechanics (USA version)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="8C34B8B8-2B76-4314-9775-29C5A6FAFBAB" TEXT="1. Registration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="C0F7B640-A3B8-40CB-811A-4696D318DF2E" TEXT="Copyright owner registers &#10;unencrypted recording with &#10;Copyright Office" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="8FFBFDCC-E0F5-4D46-ABEF-0AF0C2A41A49" TEXT="Owner provides data concerning &#10;duration and incorporated works" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="35637895-BAC6-4C1B-9E21-5F2DA59F4CE3" TEXT="Copyright Office supplies &#10;creator with copy containing &#10;unique digital signature" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="A78F2003-C4B8-4DBA-954F-C31D75295388" TEXT="Small registration fee" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C0775A84-11BA-42EB-9FAD-0835629C11E9" TEXT="Opposition procedure" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="FFCE49F9-9949-44EC-B578-057CE176A0AD" TEXT="2.  Size of the fund" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A598BB4F-A39F-4E84-98E3-2C80F32774ED" TEXT="Possible Criteria" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="BF2ADABD-4DC5-4976-95BE-A309346F201D" TEXT="1. Provide creators &#10;social surplus" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A6A45CA6-98D4-47F2-A893-DEBF1AA0E9D9" TEXT="Distort larger system &#10;of incentives" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="01E2F1A9-C629-44CB-BEBC-7A369CFF942D" TEXT="Expensive &amp; politically &#10;unpalatable" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="453B3EA3-9F3F-4E39-81D4-91851CDB050F" TEXT="Psychic benefits of creativity mean &#10;that full social value is not necessary &#10;to sustain creativity at current levels" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="13A83438-0C7D-494D-A935-0D240C96352B" TEXT="2. Fairness" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="E7431162-124B-4E7B-9708-4782740286F5" TEXT="3. Make creators whole" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="310593CB-A25C-4654-AA86-14767499E7B2" TEXT="4. Preserve Flourishing Entertainment Culture" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="828E7003-4795-4967-A4D4-EF329FC3D8E1" TEXT="3.  Taxation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="1591A5D9-C6A4-49E7-B352-E2A2C81B14A1" TEXT="Income Tax" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="AA9A4347-6C1B-4708-A140-97460A43FA51" TEXT="Advantages" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="8DE26A20-CBD6-45A8-BD41-C3421660A0E3" TEXT="Low administrative costs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="27724C70-9C80-4394-85AD-E8EEABF80529" TEXT="Limited distortionary effects" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="3D8ECE72-C3EB-4A1C-8543-AC4DCD826D35" TEXT="If incidence of the tax &#10;matches incidence of benefits" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="E504C544-22F5-407F-9AA0-16E0A7358DEB" TEXT="Consumption of entertainment &#10;products roughly correlated with &#10;income" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="C694E711-E9ED-41E3-82C0-4125C0500B25" TEXT="But cf. Pew data" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="999A90DA-11FA-40F7-B942-F13ECA696517" TEXT="Income tax is mildly progressive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="C10525B5-263B-4FA7-87BA-6164AE5AA484" TEXT="Disadvantages" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="28AC7E7F-E15C-46C1-9708-E01298FD3C3B" TEXT="Politically unpopular" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D77F6C60-02A2-4513-AE3A-02D7808B33B6" TEXT="Any increase in the &#10;income tax is unpopular" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="E9D46E2D-48CA-4769-9CED-C133E114EA9E" TEXT="Fear, especially in developing &#10;countries, that the money would &#10;be diverted to other programs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="1251D4EF-5953-4DCE-A319-6CBE97716507" TEXT="&quot;My tax dollars are paying for &#10;smut, misogyny, etc.?&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C91AD7F1-075D-4463-86AD-191AC4094B22" TEXT="&quot;I don't listen to music or &#10;watch movies.  Why should &#10;I have to pay for them?&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="72DB7D56-8E40-4B34-94E0-3AEEC4148268" TEXT="Tax burden" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="EC812C9F-BD37-40B6-A9E5-018478987E27" TEXT="2004 data" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="FF1F2364-F2C9-4758-B83B-A9E774CC7D64" TEXT="87 million households &#10;pay taxes" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="B0C23FAF-38E8-480A-BE1E-135A25B256E5" TEXT="Each American household &#10;currently spends aprx. $470 &#10;per year on recorded &#10;entertainment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="784322C8-2709-4E57-9BBE-F06C602E8937" TEXT="Plus aprx. 200 hours &#10;per person per year &#10;watching or listening &#10;to advertisements" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="0C4B88F6-032D-4E0A-B82F-911CE6670160" TEXT="Annual tax during first &#10;year of operation:  average &#10;of $27 per household" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="E46A4107-0097-4BA6-8BC6-0203FCE9495C" TEXT="Annual tax if the system &#10;fully displaces existing &#10;business models (using &#10;&quot;worst-case&quot; assumptions):   &#10;average of $254 per household" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="56CA8FC6-030A-471C-BF71-0457899A4932" TEXT="Tax on Devices &#10;and Services" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="2845E7AA-F6F8-4458-B02E-5CCB5113C29B" TEXT="Advantage" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="9CB901CB-7987-4CB2-9FF2-4AA21A90F8D8" TEXT="More politically &#10;acceptable" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D35C43DB-2719-44CE-BCE5-559A403AF322" TEXT="More &quot;voluntary&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="10C063CD-300F-48F4-8E1E-CC0E79447538" TEXT="Largely limited to &#10;consumers of digital &#10;entertainment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="23B178C8-A90A-44F3-A76D-6E1820240CE6" TEXT="Disadvantage" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="0C62EC6B-1AD9-4D57-BF1E-24AC98C8D2CD" TEXT="Greater cross subsidies &#10;and associated distortions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="9712CE0F-6029-428E-B8F3-CAA16DBE7596" TEXT="Tax rate:  11.8% in 2004" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="699DCDFD-92C6-4E46-8348-9CC7E083D954" TEXT="Most visible form: tax on &#10;broadband access of &#10;$5.36 per month ($64.33 per year)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="2691374C-6B92-4BEE-94CD-C3F9EE93406E" TEXT="Tax rate if the system fully displaces &#10;existing business models (using &#10;&quot;worst-case&quot; assumptions): &#10;$16.84 per household per month &#10;($202 per year) in taxes on Internet &#10;access and all devices and services" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="6F1E9ACC-C799-49F7-9E45-C5C1F81FC2DF" TEXT="Variations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="DFB8DD81-778F-4110-9FEA-9E1A33C39F27" TEXT="Higher rates on devices &#10;than on ISP access?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="39146C14-A6E3-494D-B1BC-758275E32F3F" TEXT="Ramsey pricing?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D6D4CAE1-B0CA-46D0-A20B-7E5E7BE979E6" TEXT="Original problem:  What pricing &#10;scheme by a multiproduct monopolist &#10;would maximize social welfare subject &#10;to a profit constraint?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="04CDE83D-2C4E-4428-ADFF-FBF37BAC206D" TEXT="Answer:  markup on MC of each &#10;product should be inversely &#10;proportional to price elasticity &#10;of demand for that product" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="08996BD9-C540-4F39-AD6C-7D4F00C7A9CC" TEXT="Adapted: tax rates on devices &#10;and services should be inversely &#10;proportional to elasticity of &#10;demand for each" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="CC92B209-6F7F-4A56-AC02-F79C67EA609D" TEXT="Danger:  may have perverse &#10;distributional effects" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="08FB31FB-321A-4BFE-B035-8701398F3BB8" TEXT="E.g., high tax rates on things &#10;consumers see as necessities &#10;(broadband access)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="2C1B9742-361F-4DEA-BF04-8B6121C02948" TEXT="E.g., low taxes on things &#10;consumers see as dispensable &#10;(DVRs?)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="3FBBEA5D-7225-43BA-BF1A-A2B902C37F0C" TEXT="4. Measuring Value" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="B8818219-7F62-41FA-9B1B-E226D1F620E5" TEXT="Goal:  Estimate relative &#10;total value of each &#10;entertainment product &#10;to consumers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="B92AEC28-2824-49D4-A30F-C9BDBEEAD29B" TEXT="Provide appropriate &#10;signals to creators" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="8043FD61-BD55-4E66-9B36-F02E1227260C" TEXT="Fairness: equity theory &#10;of distributive justice" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="8CE2F438-13DA-4EB1-B22B-B7FE9EF83E17" TEXT="Minimize hazards of &#10;governmental determination &#10;of merits of works" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="428EAAA4-5B89-461F-81D6-91AB5449252F" TEXT="How?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="C53DE7DA-01DF-4B6F-9573-83B1FC1D46A3" TEXT="Count Consumption" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="8369C803-E121-4FF7-AF99-FC306134C4C4" TEXT="Consumers will gravitate &#10;toward what they like, &#10;what gives them pleasure" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="C267DF1E-06D3-4A3B-9A20-08EF2BE10546" TEXT="Loosely resembles &#10;a market system" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="D94D47FD-19A6-4BE5-AFAA-6455C7F7E49C" TEXT="In effect, &quot;paying&quot; for the &#10;entertainment with their time" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="9795EDB6-ED52-415C-A1BD-B3197A7CBD2C" TEXT="Cost to them is &#10;opportunity cost" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="4B3A85EB-A4EF-4C1A-A95C-1BB182DBC75A" TEXT="Streaming" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="06B3CAB1-9F44-45D5-A6B6-61088BC019FA" TEXT="Noninteractive webcasters &#10;report playlists and numbers &#10;of subscribers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="B5CD1FA5-1871-4552-9CF6-1BFF65BAA4C8" TEXT="Interactive webcasters &#10;report number of streams" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="48F63B5E-0EA0-43A0-9065-73ED1D5B22A7" TEXT="DVD Burning" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="5EAD9A80-C28E-49DF-AB3D-A22871368A3E" TEXT="Sales data on DVDs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="4E3FB901-4C4E-494F-A452-B187225163D7" TEXT="Surveys to determine frequency of copying" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="6365CC70-B255-47E4-BF99-18C5689EADBD" TEXT="Downloading" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A389D8B0-B0E4-491A-A717-D55363958ABF" TEXT="Sources of Distortion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F88CC771-8619-4EA3-B304-FD140E60C255" TEXT="1. Consumers download &#10;media but then watch only portions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="EB8F8121-694D-4D5E-927E-0EC3C7F44B1F" TEXT="AT&amp;T data for music" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="BA52CE42-C5FC-44AC-A844-3616CBC0722C" TEXT="2. Differences in &#10;frequency of playback" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="456A4E7C-608A-494F-A2BF-A1CB55A65FE6" TEXT="less serious than with music" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="DD594129-057E-403D-AE0C-BD951A0AC9AF" TEXT="3. Ballot-Stuffing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="C0143552-778D-4696-B5D1-A4B5CE7F097F" TEXT="Possible Solutions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F100D06D-F6F0-499F-BC75-B029E77F6E36" TEXT="Usage Sampling" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="B4410E58-0074-408D-BD7F-F79E31257C80" TEXT="Large numbers of sampled &#10;households, selected at random" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="48F6C918-113E-4027-8755-19763321CC5F" TEXT="Software" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="6190E6E6-7825-42BB-8EFE-FAD224379FE2" TEXT="Responsibility of Copyright Office:  &#10;certify software systems" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="7842FB12-20EB-448C-AFAC-782719CD2A91" TEXT="Most plausible mechanism:  &#10;SourceForge" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="5704A218-E1A7-45D3-BB93-2B4D0F33DDF5" TEXT="Distribution Mechanism:  &#10;Plug-in for P2P, streaming, &#10;and CD/DVD copying programs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="4CD494D7-58A7-4397-A299-1E2BFBC7C0F9" TEXT="Automatic reporting, by registration &#10;numbers, of all songs and films &#10;played from beginning to end" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="017501C7-BCE7-4E37-8321-727C15E4EEBC" TEXT="Aggregation of data" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="449C0BEA-5754-48A3-B004-2214C6BF78AC" TEXT="Privacy assurances" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="04F4FF35-CB54-4710-9AB2-187172D17B11" TEXT="Limit:  Only count consumptions &#10;using devices connected to -- or &#10;capable of reporting to -- the Internet" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A7678768-4C30-4E18-8A5A-CCEE4866A168" TEXT="Percentage of such devices &#10;will steadily expand" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="18BC19E4-65D5-4B90-A541-B6FF59AA124D" TEXT="Measure Duration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="1B4CDF2E-AC88-43E4-9D60-C5C1C6661EFB" TEXT="Longer works are worth more &#10;to consumers than shorter ones" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="9AC96C89-CD31-4298-9075-79925762CFE3" TEXT="Reflected in the fact that they &#10;pay more of their time; larger &#10;opportunity cost" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="0BF68DBF-D10C-4C97-9A17-2327FD2DCD78" TEXT="Present system takes such &#10;considerations into account roughly" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="E8F766F3-A0CD-4EE5-9302-88A3ABA797B5" TEXT="Short films" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="73ADA157-4748-4115-AC45-EB65DE00626F" TEXT="Will reliance on this factor &#10;prompt creators to lengthen works?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="44633763-03FC-4C76-B8F4-FAB1B1CD4D30" TEXT="Opposing factors:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="3FD51E03-6F5D-4BD7-A838-E76890CBD10C" TEXT="Cost of producing longer version" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="803BB5EC-9352-4EEC-B4D7-707DA558BE94" TEXT="Consumers resent poorly edited, &#10;overly drawn our works" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="1F035A1A-0724-4457-8E07-EE09BA9762CB" TEXT="Voting (Blur/Banff/Eckersley)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="B89A1669-B494-4B77-A9EF-415FD0F71F0C" TEXT="Benefits:  measure &#10;intensity of enjoyment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="21AEFEF5-69F9-4771-B99F-F7504F8254BD" TEXT="Hazards" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="55B606F4-203D-422A-B57F-BC424C4C495A" TEXT="Difficulties of inducing people to vote" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="27FCCB4E-B428-4276-A5AE-14A6DA712523" TEXT="Risk of ballot-stuffing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="92259182-2DB6-472A-8653-923221553374" TEXT="Reinforce cult of appearance" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="8A25D279-FD38-4976-BB19-C499CA8E655A" TEXT="Diversion to political causes (Volohk)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="CE9CB74F-CFCF-42DF-ADB8-00A9CABF0991" TEXT="Distortion of signals to creators" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="DA9C8116-83EC-48BB-8412-11266959B646" TEXT="External estimates &#10;of relative value" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="B8C3BBEE-44D7-4CDC-862B-80FF915D935F" TEXT="So long as one can make reference to a parallel or recent market system, can use consumer spending patterns as a guide" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="B5DCC9BB-EDEB-4896-BF63-2CD8BDA93C27" TEXT="E.g., aggregate value of music vs. film" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="108B3E96-5898-4A39-B30E-8E1A1E865E0C" TEXT="Fact that classical recordings are &#10;commonly slightly more expensive &#10;than other genres" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="556A05F6-0E5B-4AD8-9950-09551F702D06" TEXT="Universal's recent &#10;price reductions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="ED7B64E5-787E-46F7-96CC-C7B2E9822384" TEXT="European prices" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="02A47DF4-D1D3-4833-A5CD-3114EF8637EB" TEXT="Relative spending on &#10;types of performances" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="9C47EC1E-6678-45E2-9F38-740C70D42857" TEXT="Opera, jazz, rock" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="EC498A3B-4393-4814-8AA0-9615ABEA590D" TEXT="Risks of pursuing &#10;this approach" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="BDDFCCB1-21D1-44BF-887C-F6930FE1EB74" TEXT="Heighten danger of &#10;governmental discretion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="7C99A08A-1CCB-4A10-B80A-B92C2118DC0E" TEXT="Line-drawing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="02206DEC-BA0F-47BA-A889-3F87E903B539" TEXT="Only possible to do on the basis &#10;of categories of works, not individual recordings" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="B5C38B1C-AA70-49C4-8C92-9C98BFFAE658" TEXT="Determining the appropriate boxes and then arguing over proper classification of individual recordings would be costly" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="245529AC-EFFC-449A-A03D-CD3FF21BD353" TEXT="Forfeit one of the advantages of &#10;consumption-based system:  &#10;avoid overvaluing preferences &#10;of the wealthy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="0CA69D35-F2E5-4760-A56F-51265C118065" TEXT="5.  Payment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="B68D875D-162D-4DA1-A125-6A9663D128CE" TEXT="Money initially allocated among categories in proportion to estimated injuries" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="8F297367-5D81-41A9-8C0B-24A93ACE2D82" TEXT="Reallocation in response to changing injuries, costs, and entertainment culture" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="9C0F8B30-04D9-4714-8E8A-B3F4FE7F70BB" TEXT="Payments to individual &#10;copyright owners" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="886EC2B3-BB3C-4982-B4E9-26B6F86324BB" TEXT="Baseline: one consumption, &#10;one payment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="7D15C0BE-1E14-4CDE-B6A5-730B8A21C088" TEXT="Adjusted for duration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A5B251E0-68CD-4477-A0B0-7E2E35C28C53" TEXT="Rough proxy for &#10;value to consumers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="45310F88-FAD8-41C3-9134-6534B791DD01" TEXT="Treatment of Derivate Works" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="ABDB6106-FBC1-42EE-A5BA-D09470554EFB" TEXT="Option #1:  Revenue stream divided among contributors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="2BA1B5AC-842C-4750-80EC-AD574A3B6FB5" TEXT="Option #2:  no effort to separate and compensate for contributions to composite works" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="DBBEFAA7-12C8-4FCA-9A18-7EF3920B61FA" TEXT="give creators choice over ND or D" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="CA09DC44-7F7C-46DE-89BF-015D56613F9C" TEXT="6. Reform Copyright Law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="3664DA60-220B-4599-9AB4-5862743129A5" TEXT="Permit:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="5480C140-F680-49C7-AC21-A805FFBFC1FB" TEXT="Reproduction of a musical composition, &#10;sound recording, or motion picture for &#10;noncommercial purposes &#10;(i.e., consumption, not resale)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="0072246F-BEEC-4BBA-98F4-E7173BA92F0E" TEXT="Preparation of a derivative work of a &#10;sound recording or motion picture &#10;registered pursuant to the new scheme, &#10;provided that the derivative work is also &#10;so registered in a timely fashion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="64EC9D1A-83C7-4D45-89AD-F41451C7DFAA" TEXT="Distribution of a sound recording &#10;(including a musical composition embodied therein) &#10;or motion picture via the Internet" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="38ABD3FF-E4DB-42C6-B476-A001150F49B0" TEXT="Public performance of a sound recording &#10;(including a musical composition embodied therein) &#10;via a digital audio transmission" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="1BA8772F-8382-4A5C-8074-6E3C209906D1" TEXT="Public performance of a motion &#10;picture via a digital video transmission" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="703777AE-013F-4735-9461-93A168114E3F" TEXT="Digital Rights &#10;Management?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F529268F-E7D2-4752-B265-612FC814DE32" TEXT="1. Could one register a recording &#10;subject to partial copy protection?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="0574C389-1E53-45A0-B432-B862A51630A5" TEXT="No, in the interest of &#10;semiotic democracy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="7C0E7272-EC63-4C47-932D-D932A1F52F4A" TEXT="2.  Could one register an unencrypted version &#10;of a recording but also distribute to the public &#10;encrypted versions of the same recording?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="9E31B3FF-6777-4F2E-AADE-DC6154E27451" TEXT="Yes, in part to reduce resistance &#10;to adoption of the scheme and to &#10;increase usage of it" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="68E925F5-0FD3-4129-8455-AB9F89558036" TEXT="3. Create an exception to DMCA 1201 &#10;for audio and video recordings?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="12223865-E9F4-4206-90FC-42DDA5BF7019" TEXT="No, let the system prove its merits &#10;in competition with the self-help strategy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="AB2E42B4-A4A9-4E1B-9E6D-D446651D15B6" TEXT="Advantages" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="050EF210-7DBA-41B9-BA8C-7B221CB3F1B6" TEXT="For consumers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="0B2370DB-8071-4F44-9DBB-BB99A726B661" TEXT="Large cost savings" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="6946A733-D539-4565-AFD4-5EF3D4EAEF6B" TEXT="they would pay less under this system than under the current combination of business models" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="A4C2A5C1-7272-4E6D-BDED-F91A96CDCC34" TEXT="Unlimited access to recorded media" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="9831F3DC-7D4A-4AB4-9344-442F3E1D7EE8" TEXT="The set of cultural products available to them would be larger and more diverse" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D2B2ABE5-696B-4340-BC0D-652327D892F2" TEXT="reason:  the diminished power of intermediaries would enable a larger and more diverse set of artists to reach consumers directly and thus earn sufficient revenue to cover costs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="CB363E71-7A9B-4DD5-97C8-DB567A425247" TEXT="Increased opportunities for creative reuse of cultural products" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="E3902560-44A2-4590-89DA-49AC93F56359" TEXT="semiotic democracy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="C87DA534-5981-4F6A-85D3-387F586CCE92" TEXT="For creators" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="53C0DECF-A04F-4C3B-96BC-F5DA9052B115" TEXT="Opportunities to distribute &#10;works directly to consumers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="C3CDFDBB-5F9F-408A-A39B-05ADF6F4348B" TEXT="reduced dependence &#10;on major intermediaries" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="2900E738-9A02-4E36-8A2D-E8A88B9AEC1D" TEXT="Increased income" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="01BE04FF-34C6-4567-9ED5-66DA2337D269" TEXT="For suppliers of &#10;devices and services" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A0531F3F-7282-4366-841F-0260D94D2739" TEXT="Increased taxes offset &#10;by increased demand" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="D5B71BCC-6C89-472F-BB08-8A860B4FEF6C" TEXT="For public" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="FE7D378A-A21C-4E65-8864-284A496ACD95" TEXT="Decreased litigation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="061A7D9F-31BF-4D96-9532-2A68B3144A96" TEXT="Decreased law-breaking" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="40F2F8A0-0AE2-457C-A667-67E00B8B949E" TEXT="avoid prolonged, culturally corrosive &#10;&quot;war on piracy&quot; closely analogous &#10;to the current &quot;war on drugs&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="7EF3395C-A676-4955-898C-9C359B8EB60F" TEXT="Disadvantages" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="E1CEFFFE-61CD-48B3-B1AE-8ABD78653F57" TEXT="Cross-subsidies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="EB967907-01C3-433D-B1AA-B25CFA6D7D25" TEXT="Result:  distortions in consumer &#10;behavior, deadweight losses, &#10;and unfairness" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="5F39DB09-B48C-4B4A-A96D-A45CD147008B" TEXT="Vary substantially with &#10;the method of taxation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="AE4E53B1-E2FD-4D50-AF67-634031E0E6F9" TEXT="Mitigate with Ramsey &#10;pricing (Benkler)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="0394A553-7C52-4D88-AD69-981CBAF79D1C" TEXT="Moral rights concerns:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F6ACE496-AD21-4484-809B-617E3DA35149" TEXT="Classic moral rights" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="39E0EF03-2F8A-4538-8BC5-474ADD666C52" TEXT="Rights of Integrity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="6AB95CED-1B67-4A2D-91EE-AAE914C36091" TEXT="Rights of Attribution" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="F859461D-E60D-4885-A700-32157FA05974" TEXT="Increased opportunities for creative reuse of digital copies threaten both" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="DA3002D6-F19A-4030-AE9A-1BC3870CB95A" TEXT="Possible responses:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="C5F17841-10D6-4831-84D0-29CFC737B039" TEXT="a. Give artists the option to retain or relinquish rights of integrity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="104A9C7E-A3D8-4D7F-85C3-FD12ADFD76ED" TEXT="perhaps use financial incentives to increase their willingness to give up these rights" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C6AA7111-7D78-452E-B6F9-442C576CEF11" TEXT="higher payout rate" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="5527CC96-3962-4DCC-AB0F-5E885419031C" TEXT="b. Recognize that, with respect to cultural products distributed in multiple copies, rights of integrity are obsolete" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="407DADC1-8BAF-42E5-9DD2-2D7B8B3EE34E" TEXT="by contrast, rights of attribution should enjoy increased protection" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="512D7524-88D1-4C1D-A4D1-7B2394E6EDAA" TEXT="cf. Tushnet" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="B0837EDD-5FCF-4E0F-A90E-9C573EDB35F6" TEXT="Discretionary Governmental &#10;Power" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="5462D9D3-E5F3-46A1-8D82-AA38C7BD9BA1" TEXT="Potential for inefficiency or corruption" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="B0A0A246-840A-403A-90F2-4DF2944FED31" TEXT="cf. some collecting societies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="CE1D0174-C47F-4764-893E-5F7A7F8924FE" TEXT="Risk that officials would abuse their authority" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="92743D44-9D44-4FAB-B131-6FCAA990C391" TEXT="Rent-seeking" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F0F9A3DD-D009-45B4-935B-493CE09A5D8C" TEXT="lobbyists would seek to shape the distribution formula" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="760E7EB6-6DE0-4291-8D04-23C869CCA989" TEXT="Leakage across &#10;national boundaries" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="8DC6F1C7-8D78-4853-95FE-94909A12B8E3" TEXT="the more broadly this system were adopted, the less serious would be this concern" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="3C6026FC-C941-4C6A-8AC3-BE7B31540A70" TEXT="Solution #4:  Legal Reinforcement of Self-help Strategies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="8453C9ED-17D6-445C-8773-2AD86CC18ADD" TEXT="Restrictions on Reverse Engineering" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="1917713D-1EA9-4568-AAEA-36CC7217734A" TEXT="Boat-hull protection laws" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="9A76DCDA-D4A2-4356-98E2-8AA36F123A0E" TEXT="Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="D8824ADF-5E2E-4123-A7DD-0A9E8CC7F662" TEXT="Trade Secret Law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="64C374AD-96FD-45ED-A5E2-20B8C9D5B17A" TEXT="Anti-Circumvention Rules" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="ED1803BC-BE78-4D28-93FB-3E4D8753FB81" TEXT="DMCA 1201" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="46B6D029-B706-47FE-A20F-BCA648FBB06B" TEXT="Technology Mandates" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="CB111BDF-68AE-4820-9198-DAC439AD97C1" TEXT="CBDTPA (proposal)" LINK="http://www.politechbot.com/docs/cbdtpa/hollings.s2048.032102.html" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476032270000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="89EE6DE1-AC2D-48C8-97D3-56CD7D1B79A5" TEXT="Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C1524EDA-1D61-4B2E-AF0F-277D4D6F7BFD" TEXT="Forbid the sale or transportation in interstate commerce of any &quot;digital media device&quot; (defined broadly) that did not contain &quot;standard security technologies&quot; prescribed by the Federal Communications Commission." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="748A6C63-8F69-4549-8822-5B9AFAEEEED0" TEXT="Standards formulated either by a consortium of &quot;representatives of digital media device manufacturers, consumer groups, and copyright owners&quot; or, if they fail, by the Commission itself" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="8E3868C2-E2C0-4997-A207-6B39C188AC4E" TEXT="Standards would prevent the machines in which they were embedded from reproducing and distributing copyrighted recordings - but would permit users to make &quot;personal copies&quot; of broadcast programming &quot;for lawful use in the home&quot; and would also &quot;take into account the limitations on the exclusive rights of copyright owners, including the fair use doctrine.&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="BBFB57CC-1128-451C-94A5-699EDD41A108" TEXT="FCC Broadcast Flag Rules" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="516920EC-1585-45A9-A011-F3643332F264" TEXT="Solution #5:  Government protects producers against competition" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A1C07096-E843-4C85-86C4-44C5773B89C5" TEXT="Toll Roads in 19th century" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="05EDEE72-B64E-4623-BC72-0CCA968060B2" TEXT="cf. Charles River Bridge case" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="555F8C13-100B-4218-9730-BA0BFA6AFF1E" TEXT="Intellectual Property" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504045844000" MODIFIED="1504045873000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="FF112072-68D6-4873-8D2E-BDB7E585D0C5" TEXT="Social Advantages and Disadvantages of each solution" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Solutions.html" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1510233492000" MODIFIED="1510306349000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="F380CE40-BB24-4D06-95A4-048963920E44" TEXT="(How) Does IP provide incentives?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504045962000" MODIFIED="1504045991000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="C409063A-9AA8-42E1-A105-20B08D88CC93" TEXT="Copyright" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/IncentiveCopyright.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476032331000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="70F6B170-D20F-416B-96A6-3722105FDE87" TEXT="Patent" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476104875000" MODIFIED="1505212013000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="9CD5B746-E9C5-4C26-8517-555E05CDE52E" TEXT="Theory" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/DJOrtho.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1505212023000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="81A07B94-0EF1-46F8-8477-C28B21633FCC" TEXT="Evidence" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504040375000" MODIFIED="1504040378000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="1D5AB127-64E0-45CC-8183-B193F1A61215" TEXT="Industries vary widely in the extent to which firms rely on patents to appropriate the benefits of innovation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504809171000" MODIFIED="1504809228000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="DB194AED-7F44-4D16-B1E8-04ACAB384AD7" TEXT="Pharmaceuticals" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504811376000" MODIFIED="1504811387000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="1A1C440F-EB1E-48CD-AE8D-435562D525F6" TEXT="Biotechnology" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504811388000" MODIFIED="1504811393000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="0BF1D85C-965D-4DBE-A2C1-27F80E8B2745" TEXT="Chemical" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504811394000" MODIFIED="1504811398000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="BE7407C1-8103-4197-A4A1-96737983C252" TEXT="Semiconductors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504811405000" MODIFIED="1504811411000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="8D37D62B-66E8-41DC-88EB-2AA77B371775" TEXT="Mechanical engineering" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504811430000" MODIFIED="1504811436000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="FD52CA17-96B5-4266-8B2B-143D656701D9" TEXT="Electronics" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504811412000" MODIFIED="1504811416000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="7A8DB838-D98D-4816-B55D-67B041D0A9F6" TEXT="When firms rely on patents, their reasons vary" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504809462000" MODIFIED="1504809482000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="07A16401-52CF-44EC-A089-9DDE76A1654B" TEXT="Prevent copying by competitors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504809485000" MODIFIED="1504809508000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="46DF067D-3C6E-4A8E-A90A-0C9A5CF2AEC8" TEXT="Especially in industries where products embody only a few innovations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504809613000" MODIFIED="1504809666000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="9EE2A7D6-634E-4790-9472-2D74B1AF64F7" TEXT="Prevent patenting and commercialization by competitors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504809509000" MODIFIED="1504811207000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="ACCACA8A-7B12-4E12-885B-9EE4FEB0E95D" TEXT="Especially in industries where products embody many innovations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504809671000" MODIFIED="1504809681000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="D16E3B15-0B21-4875-B10F-01998E51A627" TEXT="Countries vary in the degree to which their industries rely on patents" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504811953000" MODIFIED="1504811972000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F39A9211-B0B9-43B4-A104-DFF6D36DE171" TEXT="Firms in Europe are similar to firms in US" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504811976000" MODIFIED="1504812772000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="BFD76D25-EB6F-429E-AB5B-81997B8A09AC" TEXT="Arundel (2001)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504812002000" MODIFIED="1504812010000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="06D314F3-5BBD-4ACB-8D37-18FBA122519C" TEXT="Firms in Japan rely more heavily on patents than firms in the US" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504812011000" MODIFIED="1504812032000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="AB1F1691-97C6-4402-9779-791EDBF90707" TEXT="Cohen (2002)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504812059000" MODIFIED="1504812393000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="D6A2356B-1721-4D4D-B800-EDA74A17460D" TEXT="In all industries, the value of some innovations is increased through patenting" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504809253000" MODIFIED="1504809322000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="E200095C-855C-4475-868A-89E78143904F" TEXT="Reliance on patents appears to be increasing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504809229000" MODIFIED="1504809253000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D6137944-0D06-4894-A6CB-C72F1B584240" TEXT="May be related to overall increase in &#x201c;patent strength,&#x201d; nationally and globally, since the 1980s" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504809725000" MODIFIED="1504809758000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="D5CA727D-8D7D-4BAD-8B93-AB557320094C" TEXT="Net Impact on Welfare" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504806726000" MODIFIED="1504806931000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="5CC0E6A8-7B34-41AE-916F-8DC055EDC2C5" TEXT="Positive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504806931000" MODIFIED="1504806990000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="93C82723-0025-4CA0-9CB4-90A67466781C" TEXT="1. Increase rate of innovation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504806999000" MODIFIED="1505212227000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="0858CF84-1E60-4EAF-968C-79C49DFE4C66" TEXT="2. Channel innovation toward fields where it has large potential social value" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1505212257000" MODIFIED="1505212473000"><font SIZE="13" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F3FAF89F-F120-4B6C-A4D1-09B06AF5D368" TEXT="Contrast the pattern of innovation that would result from exclusive reliance on intrinsic motivations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1505212342000" MODIFIED="1505212370000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="B1265764-B92A-458E-AF7C-09C9B839E572" TEXT="Pigou:  &#x201c; The patent laws aim, in effect, at bringing marginal private net product and&#10;marginal social net product more closely together. By offering the prospect of&#10;reward for certain types of invention they do not, indeed, appreciably stimulate&#10;inventive activity, which is for the most part, spontaneous, but they do direct it&#10;into channels of general usefulness.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1505215385000" MODIFIED="1505215394000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="BD680AE7-CC35-4B67-AF4F-1B7D574A29CF" TEXT="3.  Decrease investment in or reliance upon more wasteful mechanisms of appropriation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504807211000" MODIFIED="1505212304000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="E94F2BA9-FD1B-4492-B531-7BE40B03872F" TEXT="E.g., trade secrecy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504809059000" MODIFIED="1504809070000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="6204896F-1BBF-41C3-9CC8-B270E7036B00" TEXT="4. Foster socially beneficial industry structures" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504808415000" MODIFIED="1505212450000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="AF985CA0-C2BA-4404-BC63-1E0F64ACCFBA" TEXT="e.g., reap advantages (in some industries) of increased innovation by small enterprises" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504808465000" MODIFIED="1504808548000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="76E2268D-6511-4B03-89B9-D30004F3F86B" TEXT="Negative" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504806991000" MODIFIED="1504806996000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F956DD06-3FE1-4CC6-A6BC-F7935145D1AD" TEXT="1. Decrease consumer access to the fruits of innovation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504807019000" MODIFIED="1505212497000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="E5D9268B-3265-4A48-ACD0-4C51E5FE036A" TEXT="2. Decrease complementarity benefits of knowledge spillovers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504807056000" MODIFIED="1505212512000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="5EA0B623-9C82-4E62-B936-74A88B2E07D5" TEXT="3. Impede cumulative innovation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504807113000" MODIFIED="1505212517000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="D3D4C843-E73C-4722-BDD0-65B3B9BF25E9" TEXT="4. Induce wasteful R&amp;D" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1505216808000" MODIFIED="1505216998000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="3D970A18-27E8-4561-B03D-9C032C724888" TEXT="Arguably, patent races can draw inefficiently large numbers of firms into research on particular problems" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1505216849000" MODIFIED="1505216883000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="A9734FF9-7AC6-4725-B888-563A9D8D6C70" TEXT="Efforts to &#x201c;invent around&#x201d; patents are (at least partially) socially wasteful" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1505216958000" MODIFIED="1505216984000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="E357F8DF-3F65-4415-B534-18AD6F12C3CC" TEXT="5. Welfare loss associated with misalignment between social value and aggregate consumer willingness to pay for goods and services" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1505212520000" MODIFIED="1505216833000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="3E2FFF57-7B28-410E-990E-713DC247D6E4" TEXT="6. Administrative costs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1505213131000" MODIFIED="1505216836000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="1E400EC9-03B9-45BC-A897-1E7B50FDAF17" TEXT="Guidelines for law reform:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1505212155000" MODIFIED="1505212713000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A5C23A44-B6A1-46EF-B6D7-47A1F09FC138" TEXT="a.  Adjust IP doctrine to maximize its benefits to social welfare and minimize the costs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1505212715000" MODIFIED="1505212831000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="482B0903-99B5-434F-84D5-73653F024726" TEXT="b. Supplement or replace IP system (selectively) with superior mechanisms for stimulating innovation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1505212727000" MODIFIED="1505212820000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="1DE370AE-2E5F-433F-B2C0-F52720304AFC" TEXT="Selected Applications of Incentive Theory" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1504046099000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A0DB2A72-16FC-443C-B26D-1373C547FA0B" TEXT="IP = &quot;Necessary Evil&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="20EB5FB3-5D28-4723-A396-0CDB63CDB499" TEXT="Principle:  IP protection should not extend to innovations that would be produced in optimal numbers without them" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476196559000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="19E004EE-9EE4-4905-A610-5FE1BBF1539E" TEXT="(contested) illustrations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476017482000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="7616295B-83E6-4AAA-BE82-C86EA11AA2B6" TEXT="copyright protection for advertisements" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="DE43C992-7EBF-4029-9403-E0C88E7385A2" TEXT="cf. Justice Harlan in Bleistein" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476196583000" MODIFIED="1476196598000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="4A8707F4-5CB1-46BF-B175-2F545BCBD6D9" TEXT="copyright protection for scholarly articles" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="7520008A-E6FC-47F9-BD99-4E809419204D" TEXT="copyright or design protection for innovations in fashion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="CDE26AF7-8936-4A04-8B4C-79396482AA44" TEXT="Examples of Copying" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Copying%20Innovations%20Short.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476032654000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="F307E33D-4941-4232-92CD-094833B4B8C2" TEXT="Variety of Legal Regimes" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="29601894-9D4E-4F1E-AA73-F1249BCA72FB" TEXT="USA" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="8336E1B0-5B3A-4D00-80C9-188D1064FE91" TEXT="Minimal copyright, trademark, or design patent protection" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476032686000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="64F5AA00-FF83-4209-BD03-F44CCFCA0DEA" TEXT="Europe" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="001C30BC-F9BE-4344-9F76-0F23A27BB769" TEXT="EU" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="942889EA-36F9-4F9C-9FF0-CC4FDFAAAA77" TEXT="25 years of protection for registered designs; 3 years for unregistered" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="C084F070-55D9-4558-9DBC-177DC64A55C6" TEXT="France &amp; Italy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="2FC3003C-20CF-4C45-9080-882D5489451B" TEXT="Strong protection for both registered and unregistered designs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="B8C4CC1C-B508-40CC-9005-2407392F6281" TEXT="When should designers donate IP?" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Fashion%20Cycle.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476032674000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="80D41E4E-CED0-40D2-8C2D-E8550593710A" TEXT="patent protection for business methods" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C5E5C885-5DF0-47CC-A20F-ED52DBA29C14" TEXT="patent protection for taxation mitigation strategies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="40E0A52E-19D3-4830-9541-723A35BDE3E7" TEXT="until 2011, US granted patens on such techniques" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476283912000" MODIFIED="1476283936000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A2FFA5E0-37E1-4000-A253-59ADF894CEFF" TEXT="e.g., Methods and investment instruments for performing tax-deferred real estate exchanges" LINK="https://www.google.com/patents/US6292788" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476283995000" MODIFIED="1476284034000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="5E9CB409-1965-4497-AF84-DDA58F6F54E7" TEXT="2011, America Invents Act largely eliminate them, but only prospectively" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476283942000" MODIFIED="1476283965000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="250F805A-9AD8-4799-99E4-5303377F7565" TEXT="the right of publicity for celebrities" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="661077F3-3EB2-42D5-B1CA-CF5E67304917" TEXT="Michael Madow (1993)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="581756AE-A69B-465C-9596-DF554B1B8D5B" TEXT="Justification for Novelty and Nonobviousness Requirements in Patent Law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="380C287A-32D6-4FEA-981D-34265A24FDDA" TEXT="No need to incur social costs of patent in order to provide society the benefit of the invention" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="74C927D6-2B2D-48C7-A735-8E9DCE5F4AC9" TEXT="Posner" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="C6B9C40F-03C9-4726-A9A0-45DB69401F6C" TEXT="Justification for Utility Requirement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476284191000" MODIFIED="1476284208000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="27266CC8-A702-4369-BFDE-F08CC0E4627E" TEXT="only extend patent protection to socially useful inventions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476284212000" MODIFIED="1476284232000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="89BD6AA1-CAE8-4E67-ACB0-59D5DC73DD45" TEXT="Criticism " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476284255000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="CA287744-929F-4B48-962A-7E1C838E6710" TEXT="inventor may be in a better position than patent examiner to assess social value of an invention" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="F8F0C041-7AA7-4F78-A1D5-E2920A8A5FD5" TEXT="if the invention is truly lacking in social value, granting a patent will do no harm, because no one will seek access to it" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="DBE57150-1A75-4FC4-94F6-3CD3C7143A6F" TEXT="Shavell" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="18D93F59-A8FE-4936-AC89-8422420B78F6" TEXT="retroactive extensions of terms make no sense" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="B9F8402F-651C-4B1B-80BF-099CA1CB42A6" TEXT="Economists&#x2019; amicus brief in Eldred" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476283117000" MODIFIED="1476283146000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="77F27452-F489-486A-9148-3A87B7405895" TEXT="Scope of Protection:  Incentive/Loss Ratio" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="BB62DC22-CE5A-43B3-A10B-8A3AB40565EB" TEXT="Principle:  when adjusting IP law, grant creators entitlements with high ratios and deny them entitlements with low ratios" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="89CE4B86-E99C-4CE3-BF1B-19B446662B9D" TEXT="e.g., right to prevent reproduction of excerpts in critical reviews" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="76F67343-4DD8-4A55-AC1E-56D1AFBFF14E" TEXT="small benefit to authors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="5DD62844-D2F3-4FF3-BB93-ABC5901D8CE4" TEXT="large social welfare losses" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="408D7C4E-B0A2-4FA1-A5B5-AB5AED17B4EF" TEXT="e.g., right to prevent parodies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1483507281000" MODIFIED="1483507296000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="C1654AD9-751A-4DB7-B6E9-43B0BA1E3E2C" TEXT="Medium benefit to some authors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483507303000" MODIFIED="1483507312000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="F406CAB1-CCEB-4AF6-9114-1D32F98DB5D2" TEXT="large social welfare losses" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483507317000" MODIFIED="1483507336000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="3CA652CD-C32B-4985-80EE-FB06EE2A3C4C" TEXT="parodists will not be able to recoup from the public at large sufficient revenue to persuade authors to grant licenses" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1483507337000" MODIFIED="1483507382000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="0C4ECCFB-8253-43F7-BCEA-9A6E327F423B" TEXT="e.g., long copyright terms are bad, because the incentive effect of rights long into the future is very weak" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476284380000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="FB56D3B1-77AC-4DAC-957D-3705D1F39E5A" TEXT="Breyer in Eldred" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476283082000" MODIFIED="1476283100000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="A536B12C-4922-49D6-A731-D87BC4BCCB3F" TEXT="Optimal Levels of Protection" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1513768013000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="6A372153-7D34-4A62-805B-87CB389CB270" TEXT="patents" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Optimal_Patent_Short.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1513768039000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="8C5606C2-1CE8-40F1-A6EB-D7E74931C9E7" TEXT="copyright" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Optimal_Copyright_Short.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1513768044000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="75C2CF43-7394-434B-9F54-4696EBCE21FE" TEXT="Sources" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476282903000" MODIFIED="1476282907000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="9967B281-5F1E-46F8-AFE1-C7BC44863E5B" TEXT="Kaplow, &quot;Patent/Antitrust Intersection&quot; (1984)" LINK="https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/10611783" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476032834000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="336443CF-05FB-4443-B1E6-F524A520F811" TEXT="Fisher, &quot;Reconstructing Fair Use&quot; (1988), Part IV" LINK="http://www.tfisher.org/FairUse.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476032856000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="2663C93B-6BA9-44B4-BE80-ACCBE7D8507D" TEXT="Disaggregation" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Disaggregation_Summary.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1513765594000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="7BF6A563-B0DE-42F9-AC73-0B6BD6B80026" TEXT="presumptive argument for tailoring IP rights to particular kinds of innovations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="BDD6F21E-E4F6-4653-8CA1-3581055D063D" TEXT="e.g., criticism of uniform duration of patents and copyrights" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476032782000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D20688D0-3FB1-42F7-8E5E-9C24171A9FF0" TEXT="better to adjust term to keep profits close to development costs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="957E6669-A585-4A70-8105-A6638D5DD6E5" TEXT="Kaplow" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="4A5994B6-8D36-454C-84EF-D5210CABCE07" TEXT="counterarguments" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="29403696-0A46-4478-88F8-01341F42D6C8" TEXT="increased administrative and litigation costs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="298AD9AB-C24B-4D86-AA9C-E97BBC54B0C0" TEXT="increased hazard of &quot;industry capture&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F6A2084A-A1F0-4325-9B24-BF421B528EB4" TEXT="Mark Lemley &amp; Dan Burk, &quot;Policy Levers&quot; (2003)" LINK="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=431360" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476032758000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="5B7F594F-EBB6-4F57-AC40-26B509E63ECC" TEXT="Compulsory Licenses" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Cls.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476032899000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="37EE9AD9-4824-4E59-8B50-45D7378849AD" TEXT="Bounded Rationality and IP" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Bounded_RationalityB.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476282439000" MODIFIED="1510325822000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="B079856F-5D2F-4929-999B-E236670E50ED" TEXT="Product Differentiation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476222036000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="9F1CDA16-07A5-456D-9CB7-E761F3B977C9" TEXT="Yoo (2004)" LINK="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=460320" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476032951000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="F4D16851-A5D8-47B8-93E1-1D7CF6A574D0" TEXT="Abramowitz (2011)" LINK="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2282588" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476032970000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="0A338852-4178-4EE8-B1D6-B66538D8FD63" TEXT="Differential Pricing" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/PD.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1496248358000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="ED8B4377-0E06-40E9-B4E8-486DA3FFFA6A" TEXT="Background" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="EB45E4D7-BA7F-45BD-A98D-CA6157578F36" TEXT="History" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="16" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="1BDC9577-48B2-4F3C-927C-2776D368ECBA" TEXT="For millennia, goods were exchanged &#10;primarily through individualized and &#10;usually face-to-face transactions.  " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="E09A8CFE-88D9-4656-834D-32EC1841CB9B" TEXT="Prices, the outcome &#10;of haggling, &#10;varied widely" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="65F2C3DA-C4BD-4DF3-B222-4F981072A34A" TEXT="emergence of commodities markets reduced differential pricing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="E198FFE2-FEB9-48AF-96F5-DA72CE83C165" TEXT="local, then national, &#10;then international" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C0D664D1-75A5-47DC-9E27-5719EE593303" TEXT="goods become &#10;standardized" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="5BB09E4C-B662-49DB-8DCD-312AC80A3144" TEXT="prices stabilize" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="DB58E298-6F2F-4455-A8F2-E0C9B5F6CA39" TEXT="reinforced by law:  doctrines that &#10;cast doubt on the validity of contracts &#10;for prices much higher or lower &#10;than the market price" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="937457C9-606A-498A-9E60-7E365DA64D7D" TEXT="Exceptions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="8D0839AF-2BF2-490B-A7DD-3B2F10EFB287" TEXT="firms with market power and ability &#10;to prevent arbitrage charge different &#10;consumers different prices for &#10;standardized goods or services" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="F8F1E8A8-7DEE-40C2-AE4B-4B3918606B51" TEXT="Transportation industry" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="FD043CDB-C8D7-4C7E-8232-73EFE36CB36F" TEXT="16th-century &#10;Danish Sound Tolls" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="44CC5691-04C9-42D1-BCCB-734F3662443A" TEXT="canals in China, &#10;England, and France" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="B90A2EE8-C168-4CFD-8434-D3EA90B01783" TEXT="railroads in England and the &#10;United States during 19th c." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="DD33AD0E-9C57-4F92-B277-AE79B3FE6E3C" TEXT="see Andrew Odlyzko" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="6CCB19EF-887D-452A-9A83-7FE95706FD14" TEXT="Theory" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="DCEFC597-15D3-4F64-A80D-C109309CEB9A" TEXT="Price Discrimination defined" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="300776A8-60B3-48EE-A0EF-6CFFA92506E1" TEXT="charging different consumers &#10;different prices for access to &#10;the same good or service" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="BD760DCE-B5C5-4B77-B073-321E7FB57C7D" TEXT="charging different consumers different prices for different versions of a good or service when the variation cannot be explained by differences in the costs of the versions " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="4249BDFF-5585-4480-AA63-0386E393100A" TEXT="Requirements" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="905CE586-9FF7-4BA3-9F1E-349ADEF82055" TEXT="1. market power" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="BD128C07-6C53-49A0-B621-2982DCCED68D" TEXT="Klein 2011" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="B837D2E0-BB94-4DD7-8414-39A0CA3FE62D" TEXT="2. restrictions on arbitrage" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="2D4CCDE1-C698-4F85-B486-73A55398CBDE" TEXT="3. heterogeneity among buyers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="6DEE4F1C-D94D-4F80-A1F0-F47211EF9EFB" TEXT="4. ability to differentiate those buyers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="DC65AAEE-3A9C-4A20-9EA7-9193DC1AB226" TEXT="Types" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="1FC69724-51B4-4BFF-A481-A0A2D8AD3E5C" TEXT="1st degree" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="DA3BDD71-0B4C-4942-B4E0-7B5927BB54AB" TEXT="charge each buyer what he or she &#10;is able and willing to spend for a &#10;good or service" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="E46C55AD-EC0E-4152-B0BB-1F2D71B3BEA4" TEXT="Examples" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="CE6B2DEA-2F69-4D42-8C9E-3C6B58308A8A" TEXT="US Private colleges" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /><node ID="BB16B75D-15F9-4EED-847C-6A8006EAE092" TEXT="high tuitions; &#10;need-specific &#10;financial aid" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node></node><node ID="63630AC8-095F-4792-BF85-0C2060D613AA" TEXT="&quot;clickstream&quot;-based differential pricing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node></node></node><node ID="5318641D-7A93-42A8-A2AE-52A3B8023950" TEXT="2nd degree" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="5AC69CE1-FC9B-4693-8A32-50E3A335D068" TEXT="the seller does not know how much different &#10;potential buyers are able and willing to pay, &#10;but induces them to reveal their resources or &#10;preferences" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="AAEF919B-DDE0-4DE1-8880-EB0C4E958341" TEXT="Examples" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="85098849-A34F-44F1-B9D7-9B3CA960AE19" TEXT="volume discounts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="BB4D54F2-9170-4D35-822B-FA63235F52E3" TEXT="&quot;versioning&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="6EC1291F-D072-424A-A2D7-41F64B00A771" TEXT="business-class &#10;airline tickets" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /><node ID="4ED1C749-7FF3-4F1F-9B11-6A092E96B905" TEXT="Alderighi 2011" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node></node><node ID="40A7F9D9-7AEA-4FCA-9784-1A6EEA8E6EE3" TEXT="engine sizes" LINK="&quot;./Engine Sizes.key&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /><node ID="DF60A7E1-4078-4C08-866F-CB1B038BE0D1" TEXT="Thomassen 2010" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node></node><node ID="14FE94AD-4F97-43BC-A818-7C4D4C338C02" TEXT="laser printers of &#10;different speeds" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /><node ID="95F56EF9-0B2C-476A-B8BB-986AD0937645" TEXT="IBM Laser Printer E (1990)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node></node></node><node ID="3AE5B8A7-E4C8-44A0-9D5D-607DC50EC43B" TEXT="temporal PD" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="C4C2E82B-4A2A-4FA2-9BF4-E7916E965A3D" TEXT="Golf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /><node ID="0CE1526D-6796-488C-9B8F-039E681687D3" TEXT="weekend vs. weekday green fees" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node><node ID="A278008C-AFB8-41C8-B999-448FEFE53039" TEXT="contrast &quot;peak-load pricing&quot; as an alternative explanation for differential pricing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /><node ID="D28B4924-C6E1-416E-B608-A941FB278139" TEXT="Limehouse 2011" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="4329BFD0-2F1E-4FD1-A6CA-1A4205FA8B99" TEXT="Groupon" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /><node ID="E62361CE-3D5D-4080-8701-C405AE451918" TEXT="Edelman 2011" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node><node ID="5FD688A6-C38E-4024-8F84-E41DCB81ACC0" TEXT="Termes 2011" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node></node><node ID="400356B9-B1EE-4F3C-AE7D-7C25B5EF101A" TEXT="comparison websites" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /><node ID="17E1C58B-78ED-4EEB-B64A-C8639E62771F" TEXT="sellers charge lower prices to users of such sites than to nonusers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node><node ID="37AD6870-8109-45E0-8683-C95381B8B8D9" TEXT="Moraga 2011" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node></node><node ID="F69DCDC2-94A0-48FF-9001-53B09C9E10B9" TEXT="bundling" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="23BF1A7C-D47D-4457-BD8B-9A29BEAA8310" TEXT="3rd degree" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="4A628D3F-73F8-4606-920A-5A0C42507F81" TEXT="seller separates buyers into classes &#10;corresponding roughly to their ability &#10;and willingness to pay" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="4380F830-DA92-4BAC-8B61-81DE288DBCC5" TEXT="Examples" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="662B1855-56B4-4C68-8941-3093F20DFC9A" TEXT="student discounts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="6A667B81-07F8-4036-A991-B2761DFC467C" TEXT="senior discounts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="8CDA761F-B969-4B27-A6C5-86AC3A934523" TEXT="customer classes in electrical utility pricing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /><node ID="8EDE8561-9777-4E72-A172-1656992CD4D9" TEXT="residential" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node><node ID="300ACA19-E4DC-4AB0-8F17-10039F07F43E" TEXT="industrial" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node><node ID="9D234AA7-DDD8-4FB7-A1ED-4CA73E31F1FA" TEXT="commercial" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node><node ID="EF18F142-3159-4C8E-9BCF-6EDA76749543" TEXT="see Eckel 2011" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node></node><node ID="3E8F3CC9-05C2-4139-BABD-640F1C2C14F7" TEXT="Swiss rental housing market" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /><node ID="E69F02FB-DCD2-49C2-A011-563B23AEF7E6" TEXT="higher prices for non Swiss in Zurich and Geneva" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node><node ID="723F4CAC-45E4-48C0-8689-62BEC30F3744" TEXT="Baranzini 2011" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node></node><node ID="356B8226-5C4B-4E46-9B59-056A80FCBB6D" TEXT="geographic PD" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="7A87508F-EFE1-4532-B2F2-640B833A8502" TEXT="&quot;zone&quot; pricing &#10;of gasoline" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /><node ID="4131DC40-1DF0-4178-97D4-F6675EF7F695" TEXT="Barrionuevo, &#10;Wall St. J. &#10;(3/20/2000)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node><node ID="902A4DB2-BE09-4DB4-93CF-35C235B89C94" TEXT="borderline case:  partly 3rd degree, partly second degree" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /><node ID="725A3DAE-7C47-4CD2-B68D-94EECC6A5DFE" TEXT="depends on the mobility of customers, likelihood of responding to price differences by traveling further" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node></node></node><node ID="7B69C352-5E10-4333-9EA7-7823674449DD" TEXT="retail grocery trade in Australia" LINK="http://www.openaustralia.org/senate/?id=2009-08-19.27.1" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098945000" MODIFIED="1476098945000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFFF00" /></node></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="729E1367-5F8B-4ADE-A175-4FF71C8FC470" TEXT="Examples of DP for Informational Goods" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="296AF7ED-3DCD-4E51-89E7-BCACBDF14CBC" TEXT="Books" LINK="PD Books.key" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476099371000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D663BA46-4C24-4238-89FE-B0635C222A49" TEXT="domestic geographic PD impeded by first-sale doctrine" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="B1AC2DB4-8C39-4025-A9BF-A279A677A2B8" TEXT="Bobbs-Merrill" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="3EA63115-4DF7-4997-86D6-839C1AE04B09" TEXT="international geographic PD" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="51B3001C-72AD-43EE-AAC3-643583B5771F" TEXT="Cabolis et al. (2005)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="475A3919-29B5-4DD3-9C67-E7518CB5553B" TEXT="Kirtsaeng" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="284B2539-C000-43E2-8722-9B00A0E4F429" TEXT="hardcover vs. paperback" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="29001F6F-679E-4774-A374-1DA42EA8F188" TEXT="combine versioning &#10;and intertemporal PD" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="3B2137C2-CF7F-4A9F-B3D1-68C2F31FE4BE" TEXT="Clerides (2002)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="07CB4B5F-4B54-4FD4-9213-4DA3EC166548" TEXT="Movies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F8D4371B-33E6-4714-A9E1-4D09D46A1B45" TEXT="windowing system" LINK="Movie Windows.key" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1496251532000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="131AA32C-08AE-430E-A46F-C6D0AC0E8F70" TEXT="region coding" LINK="Region Coding.key" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1496248560000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="8C410115-571E-43EE-8007-790FAF08E508" TEXT="DVDs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C8FD8A2C-7422-4229-83C4-EEC9525CD5DD" TEXT="Blu-Ray &quot;Regional &#10;Playback Control&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A7E3BDCF-44B8-41FE-A21B-D1BA998E80A9" TEXT="this system gives studios the option of whether to &quot;lock&quot; their DVDs -- or to release them region-free" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C4322991-24D6-4A36-B00E-F7FB29B2244E" TEXT="list of films in each category available on Blu-Ray Region Code Database List" LINK="http://regionfreemovies.com/" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C3FA4146-713A-487F-974C-7D4BA138032C" TEXT="but multi-region players, though uncommon, are available" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1553464639000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="6F163B23-56E3-40C6-B8A4-5D2E6806E8AF" TEXT="Music" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="62D6B862-ADE8-4822-ADAB-1C0A56DDF99B" TEXT="international geographic PD" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="51C3AF7D-6215-421F-9741-81F6A00A3A4E" TEXT="see CBS v. Scorpio (ED Pa. 1983)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="A293A3B3-4EBE-414D-927A-CBFE47319CB3" TEXT="Drugs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="AA50A07D-C9E5-40EA-BF9C-D9966D75CE3A" TEXT="domestic 3rd-degree PD among payers" LINK="Drug Payments Theory.key&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476099833000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="8CBB10E5-63C7-4945-A192-F514236C52B6" TEXT="factors that make PD possible" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="07D15B4D-1ACC-4DE0-9571-56CCFADF1DAF" TEXT="large variations among marginal evaluations by different groups of patients" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="304301C7-F2B9-4616-AABF-1FAE5B333BB3" TEXT="variations in bargaining power among payers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="4373AB28-3C9F-430C-84B2-956745498455" TEXT="power of government as a payer to insist upon a lower price" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="5FFA7395-C0D9-4A93-AEEF-80512B79A099" TEXT="market power enjoyed by holders of patents on branded drugs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="B86AB95A-92A6-4843-AA3F-322544099219" TEXT="legal and practical impediments to arbitrage" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="39576D6C-482B-4B95-B3E8-50ECD71896D2" TEXT="see Berndt 2010" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="92D4F33C-0BAB-4E36-93D8-BED96C882084" TEXT="huge impact:  2% of US GDP" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="C76D87C0-08B1-4DEC-980F-176088555F76" TEXT="international geographic PD" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="0717DEF9-4DA2-4D31-B6E6-7121FF5E2854" TEXT="AIDS drugs" LINK="&quot;./PD Drugs.key&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="196FAE85-2A46-4B8D-8D1C-B322F75067E4" TEXT="vaccines" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A33590BF-31C6-4633-991F-4A0E5CBBEF18" TEXT="developed countries: &#10;12% of doses; &#10;82% of revenues" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="28A8E2CF-0F8B-4DC9-9096-66D4BFE0AB6B" TEXT="developing countries: &#10;88% of doses; &#10;18% of revenues" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="4F0D9C07-6E0B-4CD4-8E29-8E9A41F34BD6" TEXT="National Academy &#10;of Sciences, &#10;pp. 108-109" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="DBFBC377-C75B-4397-A4BD-6DD133A0D5D9" TEXT="persistence of PD in EU" LINK="EU Drugs Theory.key&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476099917000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="462F3A45-4A10-4873-B13A-BB0BB6EB3F03" TEXT="Software" LINK="PD Software.key" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1496252508000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="C0FFE92D-C022-4FF3-88FD-665AAEAC2298" TEXT="academic discounts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="74229755-ECAB-4BF5-9042-92AA45BDF07B" TEXT="AutoCAD" LINK="AutoCAD.key" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1553463415000" MODIFIED="1553463415000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="DF7FA004-5201-4A35-9045-8E7B7E35B889" TEXT="Medical devices:  single-use restrictions" LINK="PD Medical.key" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1547612905000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="383A4560-F1FA-4CFF-9ABF-983BB9AB3D9F" TEXT="Fashion" LINK="PD Fashion.key" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1547613008000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A72560F5-0E7A-4AF3-B52A-EF14F4B27BB7" TEXT="&quot;bridge lines&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="3C88049B-1C1D-4096-9E64-AF10757FD806" TEXT="Decorated Products" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="AF134DD3-26D8-4A65-93DF-DF7E93557670" TEXT="watches" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="BC447ACE-12AC-48BB-8F4A-504593D1ADD7" TEXT="perfume" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="16E63A40-E218-4191-A6F1-8A862EE206E9" TEXT="Givenchy, Inc. v. Drug Emporium, Inc., 38 F.3d 477 (9th Cir. 1994) " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="5B96646E-99B4-417C-BF28-AEC21AFE60BF" TEXT="Machines/supplies " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="BCCAD412-E59D-4A3A-B4FC-BA0C4D169816" TEXT="patented canning machines and cans" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C79B10C1-E668-45BA-8014-60BAF36585BE" TEXT="Xerox machines and paper" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="E442E32B-854D-47BD-991E-BAB4E3DC2A81" TEXT="&quot;Pay what you like&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="077C43D9-6C53-40BA-A4F9-7C90B7A8522C" TEXT="e.g., Yoga to the People" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="F18CF587-207D-455B-9C49-0EC2484742C1" TEXT="e.g., RadioHead, In Rainbows (2007)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1553464312000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="E0EEDE89-4528-4DEE-9D34-4D2BC8535910" TEXT="&#x201c;Pay what you want&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1553464312000" MODIFIED="1553464321000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="B86A4AFB-5705-4BEB-9C12-C62F3F814DEC" TEXT="e.g., NPR" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1553463531000" MODIFIED="1553463539000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="485A27C5-0440-43AC-9E27-825E8DB4E033" TEXT="see Isaac 2010" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476098963000" MODIFIED="1476098963000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="78FC139C-C910-4AEB-B1D2-9EF1F1C7C78E" TEXT="welfare theory is indeterminate &#10;as applied to PD in general" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476099015000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="613A339F-2D25-40D0-98C5-2862FFD60B38" TEXT="types of PD" LINK="PD_Types.key" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476101386000" MODIFIED="1476101419000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="D14CD264-8B7B-47F3-B1AB-1941C09B72E9" TEXT="welfare effects vary with markets" LINK="PD_Indeterminacy.key" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476101366000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="ED1CCD89-375A-4BBA-BCA7-3FD86CF6E75E" TEXT="rough guideline:  welfare is &#10;enhanced iff PD results in &#10;increase in output, which is&#10;more likely to occur where:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="AFE7475C-0D12-42FD-926F-CDA620109FC1" TEXT="(a) the market with a &#10;higher reservation price &#10;is larger" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="EF7A6E26-15C9-44A8-AD7B-7FD3820A074A" TEXT="(b) the difference between &#10;the profit margins in the &#10;two markets is large" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F8858140-190B-4900-A4D8-06C8EEEFAF1D" TEXT="e.g., inter-market &#10;income dispersion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="8545E613-C924-4406-B20C-C1F109ABE728" TEXT="(c) the demand curves &#10;are concave" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="D7E4CBD5-B221-4BF4-95A0-AC0779399932" TEXT="Varian (1997); He &amp; Sun (2006)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="93A87C6C-BA52-48DE-9CC5-06CDE812DBD0" TEXT="but cf. Pro-CD" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="9ECD5D9B-5DE3-4188-981C-DAB313B436A1" TEXT="complication #1:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="07C49F66-C1A8-41DD-BCB9-79DE2778A42B" TEXT="dynamic effects of increased &#10;monopoly profits from PD &#10;may offset welfare losses" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="52A30E4A-BD7C-443A-A441-D74D97D68E08" TEXT="Meurer" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="2C42AFB2-F108-4D49-93AC-4BCF8ED1C49E" TEXT="complication #2:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="57B4C56C-15D5-45E1-B818-826F1E442AD1" TEXT="redistribution of wealth through PD may increase general welfare" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476101467000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="31665AEA-15DD-4D81-BA08-908380800935" TEXT="depends upon &#10;(a) general principle of diminishing &#10;marginal utility of wealth; and &#10;(b) random distribution of utility curves" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="4F18EAAD-D61A-4A74-9231-6F4ABFCC437A" TEXT="cf. traffic fines in Finland" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="50079991-5228-471F-985D-79DE8F5C3F14" TEXT="2004 police issued a fine of $216,900 &#10;to Jussi Salonoja, for exceeding 25 mph &#10;speed limit in downtown Helsinki" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="C272B468-32C0-4E5E-970D-E89A66CF8863" TEXT="complication #3:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="FFBF589F-E356-4DF2-ACDD-D8D7F9B3F946" TEXT="strong positive network &#10;externalities in the &quot;weak&quot; &#10;market my cause PD to &#10;promote welfare even &#10;when total output does &#10;not increase" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="5CEEF5D1-76FD-4672-8654-ECF64A3B8E16" TEXT="Adachi (2003)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="E7A2F480-1BC8-42B1-BFD9-FB8BB85CACEC" TEXT="applications: " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F68BC4E4-0AE5-46D2-9242-31B532755454" TEXT="educational discounts &#10;for software may promote&#10;welfare" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="02791A59-46FA-4215-A6F5-D7CB2C4937E1" TEXT="PD that makes vaccines available &#10;cheaply in developing countries &#10;will have strong positive externalities" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="BF46FEED-D7BF-4E65-9E5C-262CA6681414" TEXT="complication #4:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="452C39E7-60B1-46B3-BA94-99F1A2797F8C" TEXT="whether permitting seller to engage in PD (of a particular sort) will promote welfare depends on how she will behave if prevented" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1483287864000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D6D0444C-BB85-4021-90CA-15A30B3B558E" TEXT="Reduction of costs associated &#10;with cruder 2nd-degree PD" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="20DBE308-56DB-4CBE-8AB8-2814C329CA93" TEXT="Rosen and &#10;Rosenfield (1997)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="28A46269-E0C4-4A7E-8820-A6F989935520" TEXT="Varian" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="CDBE96E3-B975-4241-9680-5465F1B2347B" TEXT="complication #5:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="48532B90-05B9-4B89-A5CC-B65960AE9F35" TEXT="welfare effects of PD must take into account &quot;psychic externalities&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1483287897000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="BF831699-E419-4BF8-97CA-B8DF480FE257" TEXT="cf. Michelman on &#10;&quot;demoralization costs&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="E516DDA0-0C8F-4BEC-BB5C-6549C1CF1B44" TEXT="Popular&#10;Attitudes" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="14298209-DA72-4DF4-A636-2FDA217ED9E3" TEXT="evidence from anecdotes, &#10;surveys, and experiments" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="591CF4AB-DA2B-44D4-91AE-F90F69C9D1B1" TEXT="feelings are very strong; consumers &#10;frequently have intense reactions; &#10;but point in different directions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="9FA5E05F-AECE-4ACA-8117-A2B311B6D1B9" TEXT="no simple answer; perception &#10;varies a great deal by context" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="55D40B1D-BAB4-4F83-AC77-947558AD7387" TEXT="unpopularity of &quot;charging &#10;what the market will bear&quot;:&#10;&quot;gouging&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="9A08A429-CCC9-4AC5-A86C-FE98A164A568" TEXT="e.g., Coke temperature &#10;strategy (1999)" LINK="&quot;../../../../Library/Mail Downloads/Coke.ppt&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="41CC478D-793A-4725-95D4-A593B8023F1F" TEXT="e.g., rental cars &#10;in wake of 9/11" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="09877D56-D8E3-42FC-A2EC-8AD7BBAEC03E" TEXT="Al Franken" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="78C0F028-19D5-4930-B268-EC05C95D6730" TEXT="e.g., survey of buyers &#10;and sellers of bulk electricity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A5A9E3EF-5B2C-4CDB-BAE4-F33794E580A8" TEXT="Dickson &amp; &#10;Kalapurakal (1994)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="F9CC1A4D-61BF-4508-AE3A-B26D8655E1CD" TEXT="unpopularity of &quot;versioning&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="DD55E583-3773-4663-890A-A3DB8BC7BC73" TEXT="Deliberately reducing the quality of a good in order to make it available cheaply to poorer customers without undermining the demand by the more wealthy for a full-featured version is commonly denounced, in Emile Dupuit&#x2019;s words &#x2013; as &#x201c;cruel and mean.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="A138B812-770C-4092-BAE5-A283ACDA1B11" TEXT="e.g., laser printers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="5B4C199E-936B-4AF5-BC26-B693626C22B1" TEXT="consumers like transparency, &#10;dislike hidden pricing strategies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="4FA71A01-372E-493E-9008-147D78381BC7" TEXT="e.g., reactions to Amazon.com &#10;&quot;dynamic pricing&quot; for Men in Black" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="EB995CFC-9B07-460A-AB2A-EAF89385BA2C" TEXT="&quot;sneaky&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="5038AE3F-F31B-4D2B-8382-AD893AA2FA43" TEXT="consumers like choices" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="55B1900B-B904-4E62-990C-FF1D1DEAC84E" TEXT="suggests acceptability &#10;of &quot;versioning&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="2C75EA27-6701-4075-9DCE-416BC2568729" TEXT="consumers accept 3rd-degree &#10;PD if they think the categories &#10;are fair" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="0DB17F5E-817E-46E9-9C7B-F1DDF6BBE292" TEXT="e.g., senior discounts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="5FE71056-5265-4D21-A2C3-13B5EE62B021" TEXT="framing matters" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="E80A8BC2-3619-4902-898A-0840FE24BF9F" TEXT="Kahneman et al 286" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="0B72B1E4-E772-49E5-9520-8A6228BE4175" TEXT="&quot;discount&quot; or &quot;surcharge&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="871C2913-46B2-4BF3-BB11-88F0B6E77F56" TEXT="e.g., college tuitions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="34033182-1F27-442A-868C-F03295A2BAA7" TEXT="Coke's attempt: price varies &#10;with the utility of the product" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D464CA4B-ECFA-4AFF-A7C7-5C1DA07A80C3" TEXT="Doug Ivester:  &quot;In a final summer championship game when people meet in a stadium to enjoy themselves, the utility of a chilled Coca-Cola is &#10;very high.  So it is fair it should be more expensive.  The machine will simply make this process automatic.&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="DD1B5E44-3EA7-496B-B038-72CE5882A51F" TEXT="reference transactions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="9AAA5FBC-03C0-4196-B4EC-F638D8FE73B4" TEXT="Spiekerman" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="8ACD53DB-362C-48EA-921B-352871EC9C78" TEXT="exacerbate indeterminacy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095703000" MODIFIED="1476095703000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="3590F47E-6F53-4C5B-B5DF-1D7587166150" TEXT="but determinate in particular instances" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095747000" MODIFIED="1476099032000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="50C44476-BAE8-4C8E-95AB-07060EC160A0" TEXT="e.g., Mortimer on US vs. &#10;EU options for PD of movies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095747000" MODIFIED="1476095747000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="8819E0D2-AAA4-4F2C-95EC-358103CF353E" TEXT="e.g., Philip Leslie on PD &#10;in Broadway Theatre" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095747000" MODIFIED="1476095747000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="B2119D0F-3D1B-46AF-B7F4-3B4C61CC533E" TEXT="increased profits 5%, with &#10;neglible effects on consumer &#10;welfare" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095747000" MODIFIED="1476095747000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="689D3306-F0C8-4482-B810-D89AC70B97B4" TEXT="Hornbeck (2005) on AIDS &#10;drugs in developing countries" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1476095747000" MODIFIED="1476095747000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="DA71741A-E082-4D0E-A74C-23E6EF484D77" TEXT="see also Outterson 2004" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095747000" MODIFIED="1476095747000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="DA00D208-B11A-4F37-BFEA-00EBA36B39A1" TEXT="conversely, discrimination as between US &#10;and Canada may be less efficient" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095747000" MODIFIED="1476095747000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="C523475E-5378-4B78-9AEB-6AA955ACF4A3" TEXT="answer will depend on whether dynamic &#10;benefits of higher profits are sufficient to &#10;offset other disadvantages" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476095747000" MODIFIED="1476095747000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="B09EF452-B715-4FDB-8020-F864A776DDAC" TEXT="Pharmaceutical Products" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Pharma_Incentives_Short.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476013818000" MODIFIED="1513767287000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="FAE9D694-51B8-4FF3-B4EB-8411467BB05E" TEXT="Patent Pools" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1510305536000" MODIFIED="1510305559000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="F5185580-CAAB-4EAE-8305-26EFD77E7109" TEXT="In technologically dense industries, patent thickets may impede both innovation and competition" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1513767338000" MODIFIED="1513767377000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="A62148ED-F77E-4FC0-B0D4-29FD1EB93C3D" TEXT="Patent thickets may be mitigated by patent pools for complementary patents" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1510305569000" MODIFIED="1510305582000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="518CF625-D33D-4C2C-AEA4-323E1364B397" TEXT="Bittlingmayer (1988)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1510305569000" MODIFIED="1510305569000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="53F3A734-C693-424D-B029-ACD3EED5CFF3" TEXT="Gilbert/Shapiro (1997)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1510305569000" MODIFIED="1510305569000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="457AFDC0-9A31-4740-AB4B-9E99687B4BCC" TEXT="Shapiro (2001)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1510305569000" MODIFIED="1510305569000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="DF41F515-A97B-486C-B115-8F40B9348B8A" TEXT="offsetting danger that pools may facilitate anticompetitive behavior, particularly with respect to substitute patents" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1510305569000" MODIFIED="1510305569000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="9EAEAFC6-5611-44AB-B9D7-2E322823F0CD" TEXT="Kaplow (1984)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1510305569000" MODIFIED="1510305569000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="EE1AE9F4-537B-4B74-95D2-E8F36C20BE91" TEXT="Barton (1996)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1510305569000" MODIFIED="1510305569000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="916FEEC6-3153-4067-ADE2-935F04D5C21F" TEXT="Carlson (1999)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1510305569000" MODIFIED="1510305569000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="42A0824B-9D42-489D-8467-26054310E827" TEXT="possible sorting mechanism:  requirement of independent licensing option would corrode (bad) substitute pools, without adversely affecting (good) complementary pools" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1510305569000" MODIFIED="1510305569000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="51807833-0AE3-47BE-B703-ABAEEFCB8594" TEXT="Lerner/Tirole (2002)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1510305569000" MODIFIED="1510305569000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="7E11EC72-1171-4038-A4B6-67DB6CEE0841" TEXT="cf. Lerner/Tirole/Strojwas (2003)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1510305569000" MODIFIED="1510305569000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="2FE29FB5-1839-40A4-AD62-7535942AAF6C" TEXT="Injunctions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1572825328000" MODIFIED="1572825370000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="B15F9472-25C5-46FF-B45E-A21A7B8897D4" TEXT="Arguments for limiting injunctions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1572825382000" MODIFIED="1572825408000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="777ABFCF-A5E0-4EE1-8BA1-129D2A127BDF" TEXT="a) The patent at issue is socially pernicious" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1572825410000" MODIFIED="1572825561000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="9DC855B5-5DA7-4942-912D-EF9A8E91A3D7" TEXT="e.g., business-method patents" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1572825537000" MODIFIED="1572825550000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="B8D4AE16-1EB4-4625-BEF5-7BF8D73BD1FC" TEXT="b) The patentee is socially pernicious" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1572825562000" MODIFIED="1572825579000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="2B812ED6-28DE-436C-82B1-A06A44027B99" TEXT="e.g., NPE" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1572825581000" MODIFIED="1572825595000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="FE2EC5C4-B6A8-402D-B8BA-2D7ED148EC85" TEXT="c) voluntary licenses provoked by an injunction will be excessive, from a social-welfare standpoint, because of:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1572825598000" MODIFIED="1572825673000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="706FD9ED-7D4D-4429-9962-3812D5136236" TEXT="1. Holdup power of the patentee" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1572825675000" MODIFIED="1572825687000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="9302E78B-0250-4DAC-AC6B-BC0AE0BE6B80" TEXT="2. Royalty stacking " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1572825687000" MODIFIED="1572825687000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="92D77DF2-CB0D-4C3A-BBC4-63B2C9BD404D" TEXT="Signaling Theory" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504040469000" MODIFIED="1504040487000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="9354E459-1158-4F5B-BF8F-8A195556C83A" TEXT="IP Rights (especially patents) may generate both private and social value if they facilitate efficient communication of information to potential investors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504045458000" MODIFIED="1504053731000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="61314BFB-1F67-4F89-838C-8E6502ADC1E4" TEXT="(a) concerning the knowledge already held by the patentee" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504045527000" MODIFIED="1504051571000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="6FC153CD-B9B4-4F98-84AC-558F303A7697" TEXT="Patent *application* contains crisp, publicly available, reliable summary of the firm&#x2019;s knowledge" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504045646000" MODIFIED="1504053775000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="EFC02414-0AD1-4AD3-9A68-84F84D2F1845" TEXT="Reliable because of the penalties for submitting false information to the PTO" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504053733000" MODIFIED="1504053762000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="CAAC23CA-D627-40FE-982B-5F4B3EFA52AB" TEXT="Patent *grant* provides modest confirmation of the applicant&#x2019;s representations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504053782000" MODIFIED="1504053821000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="BEC213EE-E497-4CAD-8F7D-EFEA5D2F7EC7" TEXT="(b) concerning the qualifications of the firm&#x2019;s managers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504045567000" MODIFIED="1504045596000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="C3E1019E-E744-4FA8-B9A7-C722328BD21C" TEXT="(c) concerning the innovative character of the firm" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504051574000" MODIFIED="1504051597000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="7744E403-F8EC-4644-A88C-9BFC91977D0A" TEXT="Rate of patenting may be treated as a proxy for innovativeness, R&amp;D expenditures, orproductivity of those expenditures" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504051608000" MODIFIED="1504053901000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="73F2F4BF-AC6A-4F4D-B996-5BD871267F59" TEXT="Net result may be to increase (a) firms&#x2019; incentives to engage in research and/or (b) the efficiency of the capital markets as a whole" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504053957000" MODIFIED="1504054066000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="376E3A15-100B-4020-92CC-AB62B4F4C8D7" TEXT="Offsetting factors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504054086000" MODIFIED="1504054142000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="4F102B78-AA71-4809-A2FB-871FC4324A57" TEXT="Firms&#x2019; incentive to send misleadingly optimistic signals may reduce the social benefits" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504054145000" MODIFIED="1504054193000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="C6AE4B95-87D9-490B-9E0D-060478413E48" TEXT="Implication:  we should adjust doctrines to discourage such behavior" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504054456000" MODIFIED="1504054479000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="EB39F5D5-DC7D-44B4-99CD-C79A61E43B17" TEXT="e.g., fraud; inequitable conduct" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504054481000" MODIFIED="1504054495000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="14651444-EDE9-41BF-98C8-D11498BE91CD" TEXT="Costs of seeking patents and running the patent system" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504054194000" MODIFIED="1504054212000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="3A589882-B889-4D26-BF31-428A95D7E4CB" TEXT="Empirical Evidence" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1504040507000" MODIFIED="1504045771000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="51211EB8-741F-45D5-B667-75CACA6D0D1C" TEXT="Some evidence that firms do indeed patent for signaling purposes in start-up phase -- and that investors respond to those signals" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504054240000" MODIFIED="1504054283000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="5CCE6431-FC58-43D5-9A27-0CAF9261C2FE" TEXT="But for the most part investors seem to rely more on other indicators of firms&#x2019; promise" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504056952000" MODIFIED="1504056985000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node><node ID="7055FE54-4191-4D90-808D-A2E47DC431D0" TEXT="Source-Identification Theory" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1504046149000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="A5B189A1-E5F3-498D-9456-82EB5429A991" TEXT="Economic functions of trademarks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="C4CAFACD-9151-44F1-92FD-FB845287042C" TEXT="1. reduce consumer search costs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="3AA6CFCE-1A01-4B57-936C-77E61CB858AF" TEXT="2. encourage businesses to invest in and maintain quality" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="FCBCE3B2-86A5-4450-B026-227D8A278C57" TEXT="Economic hazards of trademarks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="07D3048F-E13E-4230-A114-739E962F9257" TEXT="confer market power on the owners of scarce or powerful marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="8B3D5810-81AA-4089-85E3-C015B002D66E" TEXT="as a result, cause an increase in prices and a reduction of consumer welfare" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="38DF146C-F768-4C70-95D0-10A3F4F91143" TEXT="Guideline:  doctrines of trademark law should be shaped so as (a) to protect and reinforce TMs&#x2019; economic functions and (b) to avoid or mitigate their hazards" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476357467000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="92B9B8DB-D857-4B53-B6E4-56CC79CF46E0" TEXT="e.g., disfavor descriptive marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="E5967D9B-0074-4A34-8FCD-72C48D7EB1C5" TEXT="e.g., no protection for generic marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="6EFD09EF-468E-4808-98B2-06FCE674BA21" TEXT="e.g., skepticism concerning doctrine of dilution" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="BED1AB21-6659-491A-A1CB-2863BEFB0A1E" TEXT="Criticisms" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="5D9321BF-1E9F-459E-8B2D-4A70F53CAD08" TEXT="1. cultural account of trademarks shows this theory of their functions to be simplistic" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="7DD442B3-8DEB-4F00-A122-AD89B790CF55" TEXT="e.g., prestige value of marks often exceeds value as a signal of quality " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476357195000" MODIFIED="1476357234000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="4982E3A9-1E84-4BF9-8411-E8F1DE173BF7" TEXT="2. recognition of the preference shaping power of trademarks and advertising casts doubt on premise of the economic theory:  exogenously determined preferences" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1460830173000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node><node ID="0BBAEFF6-D30E-4AD0-A7B0-C0019B4FBC73" TEXT="3. other techniques or institutions might perform the economically beneficial roles of trademarks as well (or better) with fewer side effects" LINK="TM_Alternatives.pptx" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1460830173000" MODIFIED="1476357057000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /><node ID="D553B1D7-8238-4D08-9C09-DFD75C29D6C8" TEXT="cf. Coase and Merges on the potential of contracts and private institutions to provide superior substitutes for government regulation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476357337000" MODIFIED="1476357394000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="AA7C9631-AA6D-4236-9A48-E94C4DB2D8FC" TEXT="Bibliography" LINK="http://182.fab.mwp.accessdomain.com/ip-theory/" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1513077499000" MODIFIED="1513077499000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node></node></map>