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<node ID="8E3FAE7D-C03F-4775-9AE5-F1B06BCA15EE" TEXT="**Trademark Law** William Fisher (2017.7.9)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1504813614000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="7DE5BDD1-4387-4D7D-8BEE-037B51465BFC" TEXT="IV. Rights" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" POSITION="right" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="FA9A6174-C81A-4A8D-B8F6-8D087F7C3BC9" TEXT="Unfair Competition" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="E2AA4753-9B48-4EDD-9D77-48193857A182" TEXT="Passing Off" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="DD79BC61-4A54-4723-AB3E-EFAF323B9A9C" TEXT="D misleads consumers into thinking D's products were produced by P" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="05F05645-C06C-4F9B-93DA-98F5E081EE9A" TEXT="when customers ask for product A, D serves them product B" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B4954D8C-BAAF-4190-B563-A2D514F9B4AF" TEXT="e.g., Coca-Cola (SDCal. 1958)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="4D16E9DC-46C5-461D-B82C-B265C555165B" TEXT="e.g., Murphy Door (1989) " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="AD9EA46C-8E37-4FF1-9541-6C07E341754D" TEXT="for contributory passing off, see Warner (US 1924)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="E91D43C7-9DA8-45C6-B242-27665F707637" TEXT="Reverse Passing Off" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="84CC1CB8-B12E-4AE8-BB52-366448C55930" TEXT="D misleads consumers into thinking P's products were produced by D" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="3B6934A9-3215-4EA8-A48D-32F33D8054A4" TEXT="Dastar (2003) limits the scope of this doctrine with respect to 43(a)" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/2003%20Dastar%20Abridged.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476034247000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="56FEC07B-7536-4366-9046-1A6465E8D231" TEXT="Misappropriation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B51D8A32-F890-4D10-8EAB-807784F2D91B" TEXT="INS v. AP (1918)" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/INS.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476451939000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="431EF54E-BCED-4244-A08B-701C8395648A" TEXT="Radio Broadcast Cases" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="AA948D55-293E-44B9-94F3-7D52DDBE4966" TEXT="Plaintiff radio company acquires (by contract) exclusive right to broadcast sporting event" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="535FAF98-0CAE-4EE0-A1BB-C23428AAC631" TEXT="Defendant radio company listens to plaintiff&#x2019;s broadcast and posts &#x201c;spotters&#x201d; to view the event illicitly" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="9E266BC4-53D5-43BA-ABE2-34FA9CA6C6AF" TEXT="Held:  misappropriation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="4F7B92DC-C078-4341-9D86-746DFFF33C30" TEXT="Mayer (1932); Madison (1938); 20th c. Sporting (1937); Pittsburgh (1940); Mutual Broadcast (1941); National Exhibition (1955)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="1CFB4FBA-5D6B-42EA-90F6-2E187BA1AAC6" TEXT="Metropolitan Opera (1950)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2D021423-E436-444D-B1E7-7EA96B0AEC51" TEXT="Met gives ABC exclusive broadcast rights and Columbia Records exclusive right to make records" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="345D3079-BD6E-4002-AA93-374622C816AC" TEXT="Defendant makes &#x201c;bootleg&#x201d; records from ABC radio broadcasts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="30A0228D-E857-463E-9026-21F9B29871E2" TEXT="Pottstown News (PA 1963)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476449599000" MODIFIED="1476449618000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="3F491DE2-030F-463B-BA8B-86AB6114D963" TEXT="NFL v. Delaware (1977)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476449619000" MODIFIED="1476449640000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="AEFD9598-7326-4379-8AA4-E87BFC0EF6C5" TEXT="Dow Jones (IL 1983)" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Dow%20Jones.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476449671000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="B5462ADA-A1BA-4B1E-B858-332A2CC9E835" TEXT="US Sporting Products (TX 1993)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476449674000" MODIFIED="1476450012000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="7A8CE550-8256-42AF-855C-CE9DEC4993BE" TEXT="NBA (1997)" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/NBA.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476034351000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="B11F74B0-E23F-40C1-A3E8-4329315B4818" TEXT="FlyontheWall (2011)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476364784000" MODIFIED="1476364801000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="4AF59E70-044F-4F39-A2F4-4C9E876570B5" TEXT="Pattern of cases" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Misappropriation.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476034370000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="B3391F00-9BD4-48F2-888E-8781027F16E1" TEXT="Grab bag of unfair practices" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B31C2BAB-1EEE-4E38-AA0D-65242BF3632C" TEXT="publishing answers to questions in a physics test" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="BB8489BA-4D85-48F5-8547-94B0CDEA37AA" TEXT="soliciting trade from customers of former employer" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="79456DFA-EAEA-43E2-AB84-98C786877A5E" TEXT="inserting commercials in a film in a way that threatens artistic integrity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="8CB3BBE3-1F47-4BA6-88C5-F2F3B1003FF4" TEXT="Consumer Confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="7AE928DA-6416-449A-8D1B-94EB324EF438" TEXT="Statutory Provisions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="227B66DF-1F99-4437-8C0C-D14B151E467D" TEXT="LA &#xa7;32" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="92D8B8E6-4CB8-45FB-B27B-493E4CC5D84A" TEXT="key provision" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="0145877D-6D5D-4414-9137-A7A813E5DEAF" TEXT="(1) Any person who shall, without the consent of the registrant&#x2014;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E58C2274-1B77-45B5-BC2C-5AE51DE15F20" TEXT="(a) use in commerce any reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation of a registered mark in connection with the sale, offering for sale, distribution, or advertising of any goods or services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive; or" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="C38630CF-F14B-4BA3-86B0-9B68314B7A05" TEXT="(b) reproduce, counterfeit, copy, or colorably imitate a registered mark and apply such reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation to labels, signs, prints, packages, wrappers, receptacles or advertisements intended to be used in commerce upon or in connection with the sale, offering for sale, distribution, or advertising of goods or services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive," STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="B362A172-B2AB-45B0-8D9C-11280F9EF1E0" TEXT="shall be liable in a civil action by the registrant for the remedies hereinafter provided." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="7FD9A9AF-88F6-4967-91D5-A8430440A218" TEXT="full text" LINK="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/1114" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476034480000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="3D87C2D2-B287-4010-BFC6-22C64E796C65" TEXT="LA &#xa7;43(a)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="BDF82D68-1180-4A2A-8187-E95CFA49527F" TEXT="key provision" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="C081D968-BC71-44B3-BA1D-29BA760AD734" TEXT="(1) Any person who, on or in connection with any goods or services, or any container for goods, uses in commerce any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof, or any false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false or misleading representation of fact, which&#x2014;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="863281F7-5ABC-4F85-B7A1-6BE81173086D" TEXT="(A) is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive as to the affiliation, connection, or association of such person with another person, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of his or her goods, services, or commercial activities by another person, or" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="D5A99C03-1147-4DC2-9A96-F4E9E6B91313" TEXT="(B) in commercial advertising or promotion, misrepresents the nature, characteristics, qualities, or geographic origin of his or her or another person&#x2019;s goods, services, or commercial activities," STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="4D9D3497-2B85-4DBE-86EF-45CCED01AC00" TEXT="shall be liable in a civil action by any person who believes that he or she is or is likely to be damaged by such act." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="AED06304-2B1B-4B81-8CB4-CD5B543E0EDA" TEXT="full text" LINK="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/1125" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476034523000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="FEEB0575-480C-4D23-93AC-674B27513984" TEXT="History (from Stevens in Two Pesos)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="5B66604D-A9E3-410D-A686-479E125EFB60" TEXT="For many years after 1946 enactment of Lanham Act, the provision was narrowly construed -- to cover only:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="93459F67-0EEF-4682-BD20-CC29BA3BB383" TEXT="false designation of geographic origin" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="734CEDDE-EFE1-4070-A1AA-1892B688F9F3" TEXT="false advertising" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="9971913E-C2C9-4217-920B-07F5F35DD76A" TEXT="passing off" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="43F869A4-A103-4CCD-ABFF-53621B5DB248" TEXT="Passing off was deemed to require proof of secondary meaning" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="3306DF3B-AC20-4FDB-AF1F-CCD928A9C3FF" TEXT="Gradual expansion of coverage by Circuit Courts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="689DD237-9BAE-48BE-B5A7-31A9B76E005B" TEXT="e.g., extension of &#x201c;origin&#x201d; from geography to source of product" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="55A794D7-4B97-4215-8CE7-E48020C3145D" TEXT="State of the law in the federal circuits by late 1980s:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="7A8C900D-1A48-45A8-B9B0-D51577D84409" TEXT="&#xa7;43(a) creates general federal cause of action for trademark and trade-dress infringement -- available to the owners of unregistered marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="0B4CCB7D-AC8F-45C6-960B-4013AB0BC7EA" TEXT="test = likelihood of confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="F3A2F57A-8070-43FA-A119-2ED63AFD5900" TEXT="all circuits except CA2 agree that secondary meaning is not necessary if there is a finding of inherent distinctiveness" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="A075D372-E387-4C76-87A2-A54EEA5463E4" TEXT="In 1988 Amendments to Lanham Act, Congress implicitly approved this judicial expansion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="896031F1-C473-4669-951F-02A019F4CA58" TEXT="expansion is also consistent with dual goals of Lanham Act:  protect consumers and competitors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="6EF79452-87CF-4323-88BC-AF4EA39E27C6" TEXT="EU TM Directive (1988 &amp; 2008), Arts. 5(1)(a) &amp; 5(1)(b)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="65141691-F23F-401F-BA51-7ABE6F80A9AA" TEXT="1. The registered trade mark shall confer on the proprietor exclusive rights therein. The proprietor shall be entitled to prevent all third parties not having his consent from using in the course of trade:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="7BFE0F4E-8866-4511-8A7F-5597B4EB0354" TEXT="(a) any sign which is identical with the trade mark in relation to goods or services which are identical with those for which the trade mark is registered;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="087E007C-CBC6-4E39-9A07-0AE264F086EC" TEXT="(b) any sign where, because of its identity with, or similarity to, the trade mark and the identity or similarity of the goods or services covered by the trade mark and the sign, there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public, which includes the likelihood of association between the sign and the trade mark." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="459B53E6-BD05-47B0-8444-5B4215347CD2" TEXT="2. Any Member State may also provide that the proprietor shall be entitled to prevent all third parties not having his consent from using in the course of trade any sign which is identical with, or similar to, the trade mark in relation to goods or services which are not similar to those for which the trade mark is registered, where the latter has a reputation in the Member State and where use of that sign without due cause takes unfair advantage of, or is detrimental to, the distinctive character or the repute of the trade mark." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="73D490C8-5F58-4E94-B2B0-6AD9B30A6E85" TEXT="Contexts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="F016476D-303D-41E1-AB99-423D804001CD" TEXT="Initial Interest Confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B2FFD5D6-7419-4334-8666-F0979BF8D13F" TEXT="inconsistent case law concerning metatags" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="C46A8C43-AAE3-487B-8B5A-80F848F6D1CC" TEXT="e.g., Steinway (CA2 1975)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1477054602000" MODIFIED="1477054617000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9C87867D-9DD6-443F-965B-F09C8D7B43E3" TEXT="Grotrain-Steinweg pianos" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477054622000" MODIFIED="1477054657000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="4D24ABF9-4D63-4AAE-AB5A-DFF8863A04A6" TEXT="Point-of-Sale Confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="7246AEAB-9FE7-4504-90B9-ADC124C054B5" TEXT="the large majority of cases fall into this category" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="0A089116-2A78-4465-A7A3-4A23B3FFB991" TEXT="types" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="ADBD2D31-2DCB-4454-936F-63F0CE809A17" TEXT="confusion as to source" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="A07CCF33-0FC3-493E-83F9-8E4111041CE9" TEXT="confusion as to sponsorship or affiliation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="E544EE39-00E8-4B41-8A42-9C533EE4ABF5" TEXT="Store brands" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="37D31A54-F626-4B27-84D2-3EA944C79E73" TEXT="Defense of the system by trade association" LINK="http://plma.com/storeBrands/facts2015.html" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476034658000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="4511CE10-B3FC-4AA8-8327-16738513595B" TEXT="Conopco (CAFC 1994) suggests broad exemption for highly similar trade dress in this special context, so long as the TM of the store is visibly displayed on the package" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="BC0571AC-0390-44DB-A7F0-12F81B7FA2CA" TEXT="McNeil (CA3 2007) says no categorical exemption; just a factor to be considered along with all others in gauging likelihood of confusion " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="7014B43A-284E-48BA-987F-4526D50DE869" TEXT="Resales" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="C3D47ED3-6BC0-45C0-8041-F38F77207B93" TEXT="Purchaser of lawfully trademarked goods is free to offer and sell them under their original trademarks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="7A142D34-267F-422E-9916-0B0F08CED9C4" TEXT="Exceptions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="757C21BB-3EB9-4819-9889-E3C3C0B9B622" TEXT="Exception 1:  D sells the goods in a way that misleads consumers into thinking that D is a member of P&#x2019;s authorized sales force or is one of P&#x2019;s franchisees" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="70C337EF-20BC-43C0-ADEF-AA58B9F0E813" TEXT="Exception 2:  Goods are materially different" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="BC901760-A307-41EB-90D6-0CBA642FD86C" TEXT="If goods are used and have been refurbished by D, must clearly mark them as such" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="49E417E4-7A5D-4111-AF69-7D0382ADB72D" TEXT="Champion Spark Plugs (US 1947)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="8D818AB5-794D-4BA4-AA84-057DEF1F1409" TEXT="Nitro Leisure Products, 341 F.3d 1356 (CAFC 2003)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="45F80D79-4CC3-46E9-95A9-719F3DEEAA30" TEXT="Some goods may have been altered sufficiently that no amount of disclosure is sufficient; they cannot be sold with their original TMs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="FE9950B4-07FD-469D-A017-550148A106E5" TEXT="Dictum in Champion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="C09D2915-761E-4818-A2B0-4974A4D791B0" TEXT="Watch cases:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="975AB603-499C-464E-836C-11AF936223BB" TEXT="Rolex, 179 F.3d 704 (CA9 1999)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="BCB651F9-7420-4A5D-AD84-09D6A545BBE1" TEXT="Rolex, 158 F.3d 816 (CA5 1998)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="985DC445-533C-4BD6-9E7F-D03835531EF5" TEXT="Bulova, 328 F.2d 20 (CA7 1964)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="317048AB-A6C5-4B1B-B332-2A519FFCDC23" TEXT="Karl Storz Endoscopy, 285 F.3d 848 (CA9 2002)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="862AC2D4-33A7-4EED-9E1D-9B23E6B4BAFF" TEXT="Exception 3: Goods have been repackaged" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9C585A8F-6E1B-40F3-876D-B1E0E4C48F1C" TEXT="D must provide notice of the repackaging" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="F2351523-8826-47CA-A2FB-F33CEF7D2DC9" TEXT="Post-Sale Confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="C4C3D12B-8D49-4175-8677-C62898A13F55" TEXT="e.g., Atmos Clocks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476963853000" MODIFIED="1476963868000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="7725261A-8AF1-493E-B86B-EB094F5C938A" TEXT="e.g., Ferrari" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Ferrari.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476034637000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="4C63FFC1-59BE-42F3-A018-9D3C7916415B" TEXT="Test:  Likelihood of Confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="5E7DD7F4-308B-44C8-A0F0-C9E5C6B0D883" TEXT="LA &#xa7;32 and LA &#xa7;43(a) governed by same test" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476035230000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="0F97C76F-C2D2-4E1B-B2E4-CF7D50A4BBB6" TEXT="Procedure" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="6376500E-4C23-4973-B926-34F47D683D59" TEXT="LOC is question of fact (or &#x201c;mixed law and fact&#x201d;)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476893684000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="63963CF3-6F2E-4EE6-99FC-DB94742C91FF" TEXT="but most cases are resolved on motions for preliminary injunction or motions for summary judgment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="97165B97-6D6D-453A-A10B-5831F3586ADF" TEXT="Overwhelming majority of courts assess LOC by reviewing a non exhaustive list of &quot;factors&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="26A5A183-D5A5-4D13-9C81-D2C8703D8D44" TEXT="e.g., Polaroid (CA2 1961)" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/1961_Polaroid_Abridged.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476034774000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="C146C3A2-F1F9-4676-AC2C-21DA07017AE6" TEXT="Exception:  Top Tobacco" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/2007_Top.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476034789000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="FC2D0345-BAFF-4C4C-8236-9535EF1F4C16" TEXT="Factors vary slightly by Circuit" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/BeebeFactors.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476034822000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="EF632A17-3E61-4F36-9AF5-A059BEFAB39F" TEXT="Typical Factors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="078065C7-15FD-42A4-A4AC-567813266CD8" TEXT="Similarity of the two marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="8BDE4CB5-274A-46D8-925D-CF4045980408" TEXT="a plaintiff who does not prevail in this factor has little hope of winning" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="C6B19B38-0B1E-47DE-8CE7-BFA621093AA8" TEXT="types of similarity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9AB175E9-BF46-44B3-8F0E-6566217B4619" TEXT="similarity of appearance" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Appearance.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476034866000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="23637D60-0413-4E9D-8837-49E008B2286E" TEXT="similarity of sound" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Sound.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476034883000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="1580114B-39A3-4243-9E23-B5A02069BA87" TEXT="similarity of meaning" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Meaning.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476034901000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="BD033420-F7AD-4754-A4AD-71F014366F36" TEXT="&quot;doctrine of foreign equivalents&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="56576F21-B0CF-4E0C-ACA4-8127BE799BE7" TEXT="e.g. Sutter Home (2005)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1476971489000" MODIFIED="1476971511000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="A83BB2D7-4EA3-47E7-A99A-B2EABE05EF7D" TEXT="Strength of the plaintiff&#x2019;s mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="CFC4D293-361B-421E-8687-3C50EE1A1503" TEXT="&quot;inherent distinctiveness&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="0E26A4D4-08AD-4842-ABDB-245EBFAAF7FA" TEXT="a.k.a. conceptual strength" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="38C803CB-425D-4A58-A17D-C7EBB40ED238" TEXT="position of P's mark on the Abercrombie hierarchy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="84090084-96FD-4BED-8A20-F91A4272506B" TEXT="&quot;acquired distinctiveness&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="3390E596-59C5-41A6-B94B-515DFAE9D45F" TEXT="a.k.a. strength in the marketplace" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="5FFA98A8-D486-4724-944E-EB6DFB57AA11" TEXT="cf. secondary meaning" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="7142A5A6-7398-4305-9B29-00F2EE83EC09" TEXT="Proximity of the two products" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="620A98FE-6DA3-4646-A49B-EBE61917FC89" TEXT="Likelihood of the plaintiff  &#x201c;bridging the gap&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="CC5CC05C-9B92-42C3-9311-C6F1115E62D5" TEXT="Marketing Environment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="D9A17DC8-B185-4FB4-9FAF-5E66D037064C" TEXT="dimensions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="17F9A101-FE50-4198-80EA-F8EDFE4B6ABD" TEXT="are the products sold in the same stores?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="49895F15-5450-47D2-B4A8-65243584772A" TEXT="Greater likelihood of confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="7C91B701-FD9B-453A-A1A5-C1884AC0E80D" TEXT="how close are the products on the shelf?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="BA21FB4C-405D-4F25-9BCC-25842331F236" TEXT="the closer they are, the greater the likelihood of confusion [?]" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="D8E7BEE7-14BC-4DCD-92A1-1EE435926E65" TEXT="correlates closely with &quot;proximity&quot; factor" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="ABBBB6C1-2CB8-45AC-8B2D-D8DFE31987AA" TEXT="Quality of the defendant&#x2019;s product " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="BFBCD4AC-A260-4329-A4FA-F33DC4F028AD" TEXT="only CA2 and DCCir" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="7078B452-CFC0-4998-B0EC-33A87644C109" TEXT="ambiguity concerning relevance" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="98824169-FC74-44E5-826F-75A76CBC7441" TEXT="tarnishment theory" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="172B3AEF-896E-4E4E-B001-E60D6551E9DB" TEXT="if D's goods are inferior to P's goods, confusion will damage P more severely" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="49F0D885-2F1E-4259-9DC2-E922B3C8EF74" TEXT="similarity theory" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="E665A62B-152B-4901-836D-ABBFE0295723" TEXT="if D's goods are not inferior to P's goods, confusion is more likely" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="9B06B999-3548-4797-A4E9-3A091448C627" TEXT="Defendant&#x2019;s &#x201c;good faith&#x201d; or &#x201c;bad faith&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476963125000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9BD2FA80-8110-4573-91C4-B3FBBC5756A1" TEXT="a finding of bad faith almost always results in a victory for P, but a finding of good faith is not so decisive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="F83AE10A-20E0-4F9F-B671-4B4B689B7C68" TEXT="sometimes inferred from D's knowledge of P's mark prior to D's adoption of a similar mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="C9EA3F72-4F5C-4AA6-AF1F-0C5CB3FA5C0E" TEXT="other courts require proof of intent to deceive consumers concerning source of D's products" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="77AE2A5A-06EB-4BCA-B3A7-0AAF84A82F37" TEXT="&quot;purposeful manipulation of the junior mark to resemble the senior's&quot;  A&amp;H Sportswear (CA3 2000)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="C44B2FE5-88E9-477E-BBEB-7FB70E4AA7BB" TEXT="Sophistication and/or attention of buyers of the products" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476967779000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="C72F90E3-96BF-4082-8817-4FBB9DAFCA81" TEXT="for exploration, see Lee et al, Trademarks &amp; Consumer Psychology" LINK="http://www.law2.byu.edu/news/file/Christensen_DeRosia_Lee.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476035096000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="8407EF90-DECE-454A-8698-8269EFF403CC" TEXT="Lee schema" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Lee.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476035115000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="5CC5F5F7-1D98-4A9D-B105-E05C4ED5CC61" TEXT="Evidence of actual confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="3557F71F-A0D2-4CD0-A4D3-D302F04DE4E8" TEXT="surveys" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="FE7EB160-D585-402A-979C-A2AF9D3359E2" TEXT="not often used" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="5E276B72-A2A9-4006-A30F-402A48A27232" TEXT="expensive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="27A9AB54-1C32-4B7A-A0B5-E921C7DF439B" TEXT="majority of cases resolved at preliminary injunction stage" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="6D1D2ED2-F925-4C18-AD1E-9841CC6BCE8C" TEXT="credible survey can trump all of the other factors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="464D9E07-0835-422B-BF81-61A0E490DF47" TEXT="but in only aprx. 50% of the cases do the courts consider the surveys credible" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="C6A8DA94-0E6E-4A94-8639-F36EC8D8F5AD" TEXT="direct testimony" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="3ADC69EE-BA68-449A-86D1-B382D4420818" TEXT="from consumers who were confused" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="DAB58715-816E-4B28-9B1C-44D0756BFD10" TEXT="usually given little weight" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="0758399C-E159-43D5-B38C-3FA798642996" TEXT="Reform Proposals" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="32416236-E8C7-49B4-A0B4-498E92D400B3" TEXT="1. Require proof of &lt;u&gt;actual&lt;/u&gt; confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477607639000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9A2CA973-92E5-4D69-B474-21CB0B0E78A4" TEXT="abandon factor-based effort to *predict* confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476893386000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E2D84E34-0FBA-4944-9265-FC625900F33C" TEXT="require P to submit credible evidence of actual confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="EA9846E1-07B0-446C-8A8F-D0DD5A9E861F" TEXT="2. Eliminate factors unrelated to consumer confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477607658000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="40262820-A3CE-4E58-9E73-4889231F883B" TEXT="D's good faith" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="12CAEEB6-C1FA-446A-BA17-6CDC5A2C67D1" TEXT="strength of P's mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="8E73EEAF-AAD7-4815-9799-FDA94D056EE0" TEXT="tarnishment theory of quality of D's product" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="5F4FB27E-3D26-47A1-8C83-EBE6F703606B" TEXT="3. Beebe Proposal" LINK="http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1237&amp;context=californialawreview" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1476893608000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="4D9276BA-FCC4-4533-9829-00B930718D31" TEXT="In determining whether a mark is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive, the court may consider all relevant factors, including the following:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="32C7A8E6-786E-4F78-AD4D-7F9A4462950D" TEXT="(i) the degree of similarity of the marks as perceived by the relevant consumer population; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="B29B6173-6E79-4431-AC86-F1164A188790" TEXT="(ii) the degree of proximity of the goods as perceived by the relevant consumer population, including the degree of proximity of marketing methods and channels of distribution and sale;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="635CBF1E-DCD7-4CFE-917D-45516CF5E90B" TEXT="(iii) evidence of actual confusion, mistake, or deception, including survey evidence; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="0C34C519-D040-46FD-8692-5E588BC42365" TEXT="(iv) the marketplace strength of the mark allegedly infringed; and " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="EFB327F5-1D36-4703-B6EC-75BA53CE44E0" TEXT="(v) the purpose of the alleged infringer in adopting and using its mark and if the purpose is to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive, then the likelihood that the alleged infringer will accomplish that purpose." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="49E26C8A-9BD5-4738-9A16-060FB31BDBB8" TEXT="4.  Limit analysis to point-of-sale confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="A3796673-C3B8-4C18-9FAD-1D14C710D551" TEXT="initial-interest confusion should not be actionable" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477608028000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="20269ED6-5F03-4822-956F-6F506678BDFE" TEXT="Gibson" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="1B24FB74-5E88-40FA-8A9D-CCB02AEB1661" TEXT="at least in context of trade dress or product-shape trademarks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477608030000" MODIFIED="1477662805000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="4C25E5A0-8D4E-4EA6-B5B2-1A39D5582ABF" TEXT="Post-sale confusion should not be actionable" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477608015000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2FFA86F1-464C-46DA-A190-17360384B3D1" TEXT="at least in the context of repaired products" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477608015000" MODIFIED="1477608021000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="AEDE95CD-752B-4054-8C46-BAF9B2677414" TEXT="Dilution" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B03C6145-70FD-4210-9A60-376F43124026" TEXT="History in USA" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B41A6989-FE76-41B0-951E-89D49C329355" TEXT="Before 1925, courts are unreceptive to such claims" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="6E465572-099F-429E-A449-01566C5F460F" TEXT="Borden (CA7 1912)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="399D05F0-3BE9-4D5B-9AE0-7727F04E785B" TEXT="1925-1935:  State and Federal courts begin to reach dilution" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="DC7FE4B2-DA3E-46D0-A96C-FF98C15646D4" TEXT="Rolls-Royce (CA3 1925)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="2671BA72-5D35-408A-AB34-038D6E30C24E" TEXT="Dunhill (SDNY 1929)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="61E1E327-912D-4307-813F-7DEC23E7BD5F" TEXT="Tiffany (NY 1933)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="73A1D95E-13AA-425A-94DC-96A45179BE32" TEXT="State Anti-Dilution Statutes have largely displaced the common law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="85647F15-4D9B-4530-AEA6-D69AC9620B32" TEXT="e.g., Mead (CA2 1989)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="299FBBE7-26DE-443B-A19B-BCDA930702CC" TEXT="Federal Anti-Dilution Statute of 1995" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="BB3AA8A9-31B1-48DD-A501-CEA33A634610" TEXT="Nabisco (CA2 1999)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1478118093000" MODIFIED="1478118103000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="37E2A04A-17DA-419D-BFD8-516B97A35801" TEXT="Facts" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/NabiscoFacts.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477073438000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="357CFE0D-124A-4FD5-B334-E2C864E03CD1" TEXT="Holding" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Nabisco.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478118610000" MODIFIED="1478119230000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="88859B39-151D-4ADD-886A-2A4267E11C7D" TEXT="Victoria&#x2019;s Secret (SCOTUS 2003)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478118117000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="5C60D832-1B5B-4852-83DE-A6567A988F2B" TEXT="Facts" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Victoria_Secret.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478119306000" MODIFIED="1478120169000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="FC674CFB-1151-459A-A81D-E20CBD4807F6" TEXT="Tarnishment and Sexuality" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Tarnishment.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478175258000" MODIFIED="1478175350000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="2E912EA4-CD46-451B-9968-6E360ED1BD0B" TEXT="Trademark Dilution Revision Act (2006)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="431634CD-1988-487F-8D6E-41AD946E586D" TEXT="resolves debate concerning proof of injury" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Proving%20Dilution.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478117588000" MODIFIED="1478117814000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="C02C16E4-F840-42A1-89CB-317760B28E59" TEXT="adjusts factors relevant to proof of blurring" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Nabisco_Evolution.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478117663000" MODIFIED="1478119276000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="921BB096-603F-45F5-9231-76834CCB5E32" TEXT="Current Statutory Provisions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477607218000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="C819D84C-7653-43E0-879C-FB3B5B1F16C9" TEXT="LA 43(c)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9193CF2C-5EDA-4299-B76A-780C4EFE606F" TEXT="Causes of Action" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="571A2442-E65A-4A54-92E3-A82B71FC6465" TEXT="(1) Injunctive relief:&#10;Subject to the principles of equity, the owner of a &lt;u&gt;famous&lt;/u&gt; mark that is &lt;u&gt;distinctive&lt;/u&gt;, inherently or through acquired distinctiveness, shall be entitled to an &lt;u&gt;injunction&lt;/u&gt; against another person who, at any time after the owner&#x2019;s mark has become famous, commences use of a mark or trade name in commerce that is likely to cause &lt;u&gt;dilution by blurring or dilution by tarnishment&lt;/u&gt; of the famous mark, regardless of the presence or absence of actual or likely confusion, of competition, or of actual economic injury." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477606819000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="AFA4BFD4-2242-4640-988E-8B7F86827E0F" TEXT="(5) Additional Remedies:  In an action brought under this subsection, the owner of the famous mark shall be entitled to injunctive relief as set forth in section 1116 of this title. The owner of the famous mark shall also be entitled to the remedies set forth in sections 1117 (a) and 1118 of this title, subject to the discretion of the court and the principles of equity if&#x2014;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="33032EC2-2119-4DB6-B8B3-8F524CD50CBD" TEXT="(A) the mark or trade name that is likely to cause dilution by blurring or dilution by tarnishment was first used in commerce by the person against whom the injunction is sought &lt;u&gt;after October 6, 2006&lt;/u&gt;; and" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477606747000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="B9589D52-03D7-491C-A574-60F5522B4005" TEXT="(B) in a claim arising under this subsection&#x2014;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="041508E5-6754-49DB-AD5F-5063304994B3" TEXT="(i) by reason of dilution by blurring, the person against whom the injunction is sought &lt;u&gt;willfully&lt;/u&gt; intended to trade on the recognition of the famous mark; or" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477606719000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="C649FE34-576B-4AB2-B24B-9D1E42F10DB0" TEXT="(ii) by reason of dilution by tarnishment, the person against whom the injunction is sought &lt;u&gt;willfully&lt;/u&gt; intended to harm the reputation of the famous mark." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477606723000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="C6FC01D7-9946-4D04-BFE8-E973B7DF9055" TEXT="Definitions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9E72A3F7-16C2-47CB-A3E2-B5A6AD0000A6" TEXT="(2)(A) For purposes of paragraph (1), a mark is &lt;u&gt;famous&lt;/u&gt; if it is widely recognized by the general consuming public of the United States as a designation of source of the goods or services of the mark&#x2019;s owner. In determining whether a mark possesses the requisite degree of recognition, the court may consider all relevant factors, including the following:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477606848000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="7CA17FB8-E5AF-4230-9D8E-C4698B606256" TEXT="(i) The duration, extent, and geographic reach of advertising and publicity of the mark, whether advertised or publicized by the owner or third parties." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="2781B581-F29B-429F-96E5-1466FA283759" TEXT="(ii) The amount, volume, and geographic extent of sales of goods or services offered under the mark." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="3424FECF-3CC5-4CF4-A3B5-C2AA110CBF0A" TEXT="(iii) The extent of actual recognition of the mark." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="C9B3BFAC-80B0-4A79-A748-FABBE609D333" TEXT="(iv) Whether the mark was registered under the Act of March 3, 1881, or the Act of February 20, 1905, or on the principal register." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="D22CFA9F-1DBD-4B60-86CA-C422A0305C53" TEXT="(2)(B) For purposes of paragraph (1), &#x201c;dilution by &lt;u&gt;blurring&lt;/u&gt;&#x201d; is association arising from the similarity between a mark or trade name and a famous mark that &lt;u&gt;impairs the distinctiveness&lt;/u&gt; of the famous mark. In determining whether a mark or trade name is likely to cause dilution by blurring, the court may consider all relevant factors, including the following:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477606891000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="67DB4104-54D6-4D1C-8195-192BB3506D38" TEXT="(i) The degree of similarity between the mark or trade name and the famous mark." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="27303C5D-6534-4353-9C43-EAA3A0DB031E" TEXT="(ii) The degree of inherent or acquired distinctiveness of the famous mark." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="53932767-FDF2-4181-B988-ADEB33DA773B" TEXT="(iii) The extent to which the owner of the famous mark is engaging in substantially exclusive use of the mark." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="63CE3175-B487-43B9-94E5-82BF1B449BBC" TEXT="(iv) The degree of recognition of the famous mark." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="9059F8EC-ECFB-406E-A691-D0CA47B19BC9" TEXT="(v) Whether the user of the mark or trade name intended to create an association with the famous mark." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="3DD8F3B8-42C7-4EF7-8F6B-B07E22776844" TEXT="(vi) Any actual association between the mark or trade name and the famous mark." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="2C18F728-CAE3-4D7C-8EAC-48B47B2E635F" TEXT="(2)(C) For purposes of paragraph (1), &#x201c;dilution by &lt;u&gt;tarnishment&lt;/u&gt;&#x201d; is association arising from the similarity between a mark or trade name and a famous mark that &lt;u&gt;harms the reputation&lt;/u&gt; of the famous mark." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477606930000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="799B22FD-7671-4E07-9A29-306D2555B296" TEXT="Defenses" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="E0D75A8B-B3F0-4DE3-8270-D62E68DBCE55" TEXT="(3) Exclusions.  The following shall not be actionable as dilution by blurring or dilution by tarnishment under this subsection:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="227CAEF2-917F-401D-8BF2-9A90727188F9" TEXT="(A) Any &lt;u&gt;fair use&lt;/u&gt;, including a nominative or descriptive fair use, or facilitation of such fair use, of a famous mark by another person other than as a designation of source for the person&#x2019;s own goods or services, including use in connection with&#x2014;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477606956000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="7DD97C2B-5841-49D9-8759-A3DEBDD703A2" TEXT="(i) advertising or promotion that permits consumers to compare goods or services; or" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="3C38F1AF-941A-4F33-902D-FFC306C59BF9" TEXT="(ii) identifying and parodying, criticizing, or commenting upon the famous mark owner or the goods or services of the famous mark owner." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="37428024-9567-4D2C-B9F4-11BE3D1F3E87" TEXT="(B) All forms of &lt;u&gt;news&lt;/u&gt; reporting and news commentary." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477606972000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="D94EE72C-02E4-4D3F-A9A3-68228AF72804" TEXT="(C) Any &lt;u&gt;noncommercial&lt;/u&gt; use of a mark." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477606976000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="2CF01B8A-5454-448C-8510-A5E5F5CF8448" TEXT="Burden of Proof for unregistered trade dress" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="7C9AACD2-47D2-43AD-AAE1-10685F367FCA" TEXT="(4) Burden of Proof:  In a civil action for trade dress dilution under this chapter for trade dress not registered on the principal register, the person who asserts trade dress protection has the burden of proving that&#x2014;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="83E91CBB-F43F-4366-85D7-456B44683565" TEXT="(A) the claimed trade dress, taken as a whole, is not functional and is famous; and" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="D515D5C2-E72E-417D-B098-263B63DE0D83" TEXT="(B) if the claimed trade dress includes any mark or marks registered on the principal register, the unregistered matter, taken as a whole, is famous separate and apart from any fame of such registered marks." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="FD00E21B-E34A-45DD-AAE0-FFFB8A9E014A" TEXT="Preemption of some state claims" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2B3044E7-B294-4222-BC9A-695DFFB0D10E" TEXT="(6) Ownership of valid registration a complete bar to action.  The ownership by a person of a valid registration under the Act of March 3, 1881, or the Act of February 20, 1905, or on the principal register under this chapter shall be a complete bar to an action against that person, with respect to that mark, that&#x2014;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="6CAA256C-276C-4E22-98C9-2C55086447A8" TEXT="(A) is brought by another person under the common law or a statute of a State; and" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="F0A5279F-41B9-4A3F-8F33-237DFD061F93" TEXT="(B)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="94312D70-4B1D-490F-8957-430EF4F13A04" TEXT="(i) seeks to prevent dilution by blurring or dilution by tarnishment; or" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="5746704F-2F5B-4D55-AFA6-D51246CED02F" TEXT="(ii) asserts any claim of actual or likely damage or harm to the distinctiveness or reputation of a mark, label, or form of advertisement." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="21FE7AF8-ECAB-4AF1-8541-D3788AFC4C8E" TEXT="Conflicts with Patent Statute" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="8C6B9AA8-2EAD-4E31-9B41-22D0C2AFC076" TEXT="(7) Savings clause.  Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to impair, modify, or supersede the applicability of the patent laws of the United States." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="5310727A-9586-44E6-A1FA-F15F7D6C99D0" TEXT="State statutes" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="6E8DFD08-8B07-49CD-9104-5643CE53E0EF" TEXT="e.g., NY Gen. Bus. Law 360-1" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2855A4AC-7E12-4F52-9965-0E9D6546A85F" TEXT="    &#xa7; 360-l. Injury to business reputation; dilution. Likelihood of injury to  business  reputation or of dilution of the distinctive quality of a  mark or trade name shall be a ground for injunctive relief in  cases of infringement of  a  mark  registered  or  not registered or in cases of unfair competition, notwithstanding the absence of  competition  between the  parties  or  the  absence of confusion as to the source of goods or services." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="7604BC57-7FA6-4453-BEDF-246135EC167A" TEXT="EU" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="DB4A9223-068B-412D-80D9-A664CAD04587" TEXT="EU TM Directive (1988 &amp; 2008), Art. 5(2)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="5FE26EC7-9D76-4FEC-B1AA-6408C522CD1A" TEXT="Any member state may also provide that the proprietor shall be entitled to prevent all third parties not having his consent from using in the course of trade any sign which is identical with, or similar to, the trade mark [in relation to goods or services which are not similar to those for which the trade mark is registered], where the latter has a reputation in the Member State and where use of that sign without due cause takes &lt;u&gt;unfair advantage of, or is detrimental to, the distinctive character or the repute&lt;/u&gt; of the trade mark." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477607161000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="17B2CB0A-E46C-46D5-AC7A-0F70A0DAC4A0" TEXT="Davidoff v. Gofkid (ECJ 2003)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="BE37FB7F-D363-4D07-8B95-201469EA9A73" TEXT="tacitly delete the restrictive phrase:  &quot;in relation to goods or services which are not similar to those for which the trade mark is registered&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="1A7AC185-BFDC-4311-A7E2-28A5001B20F0" TEXT="Requirements" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="7BCE04CB-7C8F-4723-9C95-1473BFFC6EEF" TEXT="P's mark is famous" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="999D753A-2744-4934-8C19-3AB78A69F1A5" TEXT="e.g., Top Tobacco" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="02D352D6-6887-4EC0-B63E-E8C6ADB1423D" TEXT="P's mark is distinctive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="5C4BB2AF-1B91-4EFE-8C0F-537F650D5529" TEXT="D uses its mark in commerce" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="FA17AE09-F103-4FE6-ADA2-A3A7FCAEA895" TEXT="D's usage began after P's mark became famous" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="D063A40B-D285-4ECA-B812-7A63734AF1CE" TEXT="D's use is likely to cause dilution" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477073307000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="5D25D68A-8977-41EE-BB60-45FE65E5A1A8" TEXT="Blurring" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1478117202000" MODIFIED="1478117207000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="A68F7370-152E-4F57-85F6-5058BDBA06D8" TEXT="(1) Degree of similarity between the marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478119357000" MODIFIED="1478119400000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="73BCB240-64E8-4DFB-9849-AE44133A8285" TEXT="(2) Degree of distinctiveness of P&#x2019;s mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478119368000" MODIFIED="1478119390000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="CEDC2622-E0C4-4F68-9F3F-8940C2E15DDF" TEXT="(3) Extent to which P&#x2019;s use is exclusive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478119432000" MODIFIED="1478119443000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="5995C1B9-C5C4-4EC6-9C4C-0421B517BE66" TEXT="(4) Degree of recognition of P&#x2019;s mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478119478000" MODIFIED="1478119490000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="8C967E13-EE2B-483D-AFA4-D3FC9808929A" TEXT="(5) Whether D intended to create association" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478119519000" MODIFIED="1478119530000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="DEB81447-40EE-42CE-BC4C-21A114EC0217" TEXT="(6) Any actual association" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478119545000" MODIFIED="1478119557000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="3C15022A-992A-4BA9-9241-6293BFBB669F" TEXT="Tarnishing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1478117209000" MODIFIED="1478117217000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="23E5B354-3A63-41D8-8475-D1E6B315EC97" TEXT="harm to the reputation of P&#x2019;s mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478119591000" MODIFIED="1478119604000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="B5931E95-53BC-453E-9C36-DE98A9FD0123" TEXT="Territoriality" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="72B991B2-BC7B-4CA5-8ADB-67CED2A8B1F4" TEXT="General Principle:  trademark rights are nation-specific" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="AB9B2F40-AB18-4006-929E-EA45D0B49D2F" TEXT="a trademark gives its holder rights only in the nation that issued in the mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2111A43C-EE60-4217-A8E5-47447D32D025" TEXT="prior to Lanham Act, the territorial principle operated at the level of individual states in the US" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="41A7870F-9EED-4A8C-940F-1C010B419C66" TEXT="Hanover Star Milling (US 1916) (Holmes, J., concurring)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="223952E8-938E-47CC-B19E-03A871CAA531" TEXT="now operates at the level of the nation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="A55C1A32-2E0A-4EC4-975D-EBBBA15A32F7" TEXT="e.g., Bourjois (U.S. 1923)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="4C3FFDAA-F8E6-43CA-A2A4-03D43BF69757" TEXT="holder of the French  &quot;Bourjois&quot; sold the US mark and associated business to the plaintiff, a US company" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="D37E21DA-350B-4F8A-A288-756322312F70" TEXT="Plaintiff continued to import the French face powder and sell it in the US" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="C562BEA9-8E42-476B-A4BE-9F52D5602C84" TEXT="Plaintiff can prevent an arbitrageur from buying packages of the powder in France and importing them into the US" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2E00B984-4E51-44C5-AB7A-5E607A9E868D" TEXT="the French mark, though valid in France, does not give the arbitrageur rights to import into the US" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="6A4D21C7-19B3-4BC3-AFDF-B1F511F84F7E" TEXT="priority of use depends entirely upon use in the US" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B2642A63-1AEF-435D-B4C6-AFDEEE9D4025" TEXT="'[P]riority of trademark rights in the United States depends solely upon priority of use in the United States, not on priority of use anywhere in the world.&quot; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="E9BF2AA7-73A5-4CB0-91ED-BD13792B9302" TEXT="McCarthy 29:2" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="14DE2FA7-60F7-48A8-92B9-40C2C68686BF" TEXT="Earlier use in another country doesn't count." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="CAF39398-3F25-4775-A2EA-5F230C31495A" TEXT="Person's Co., Ltd. v. Christman (Fed. Cir. 1990)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="BDCA5440-CB10-453F-8ADD-49085C12B1B3" TEXT="Buti v. Perosa (2d Cir. 1998)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="636ED915-28CA-475E-91F7-FCAF2311C6F4" TEXT="Exceptions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="74FE4DBF-DAAA-4ED7-AAE8-4FEB4C0AFECA" TEXT="1. Extraterritorial application of US trademark law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="801D44DB-6530-4D16-8733-E7C836161A93" TEXT="Steele v. Bulova (SCOTUS 1952) " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478192430000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="19F46B61-B8DB-42EC-A0DF-0024F77B0993" TEXT="Facts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="3B9971D9-3274-4F62-B0B9-D4D2B0E8358B" TEXT="Plaintiff held Bulova mark in US, but not Mexico" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="C96FB961-075E-4B1F-A7C5-F11D64BD5820" TEXT="plaintiff's US advertising spilled into Mexico" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="D757041C-179C-40F8-B4D0-69262D233078" TEXT="Defendant (a resident of Texas) later registered Bulova in Mexico " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="8373EC9E-FB22-4947-A0D8-00BAB15BFB50" TEXT="Defendant in Mexico applied Bulova mark to watches imported from Switzerland (including some parts imported from US) and sold those watches in Mexico" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="23598124-CC0B-4618-8C9E-792924F3D7B3" TEXT="some of the purchasers were US citizens, returned to the US with the watches" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="942098D8-8CD2-447C-ADE6-175A2DEBDAF5" TEXT="by the time the case gets to SCOTUS, plaintiff had secured cancellation of the Defendant's Mexican TM" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="E357BD20-F128-4BD9-A350-156A917672B8" TEXT="Held:  District Court had jurisdiction to issue injunction against the use of &quot;Bulova&quot; on watches in Mexico" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="E03071EE-72BC-465D-B183-1D6BAB171C8F" TEXT="Courts of Appeals disagree concerning which combinations of special circumstances are sufficient to support extraterritorial reach" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="E2E4367E-67BF-4EAF-A3D0-B80C2003BA0B" TEXT="Vanity Fair Mills (CA2 1956)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="10692AAF-7312-4D67-91D7-CDF0F9702166" TEXT="extraterritorial reach requires at least 2 of 3 factors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="D7889509-9111-4DA3-A7E8-37758BFB7A08" TEXT="1. D's conduct has &quot;substantial effect&quot; on US commerce" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="D31FA7D8-39DC-42F4-909A-5EFDA583272F" TEXT="2.  D is US citizen" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E9F1F1D3-4FE6-4242-8200-52369A7FB0E0" TEXT="3. extraterritorial reach would not conflict with TM rights established under foreign law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478192456000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="A66559C5-F256-4A00-A3DF-1F0DE51C31AE" TEXT="Wells Fargo (CA9 1977)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="152D95A7-644D-494D-8516-BAA67EA5AA56" TEXT="apply &quot;rule of reason&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="C8A223A6-1F6A-47BD-AA1A-05E5F718BF5A" TEXT="precondition:  D's conduct has &quot;some effect&quot; on US commerce" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="B6E7AD9A-C5DC-47F4-B474-FA420F4C6D3C" TEXT="if so, then consider:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B969C364-4A7D-4FC7-B897-4C28E49E63C5" TEXT="degree of conflict with foreign law or policy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="DAA0EA15-6FCF-4826-8375-90A469C9DA2D" TEXT="nationalities of parties" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="160EED0E-192D-4BA5-B988-6A372D6EBC0A" TEXT="likelihood of compliance" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="AFB27D98-7716-491C-8057-53D47E67AE8B" TEXT="relative magnitudes of effect on domestic and foreign commerce" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="C1D89F8F-6DC1-48B7-A174-E828AFF985A8" TEXT="bad faith" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="BFC0D10A-CFED-4E56-9032-7019EFBC4197" TEXT="McBee (CA1 2005)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="7B801E97-897D-432E-9B3B-6AB7AA4270E9" TEXT="when D is not a US citizen, extraterritorial reach is possible only if D's conduct affects US sufficiently extensively to give US &quot;a reasonably strong interest in the litigation&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="8B186700-206B-4D2B-87EE-C3AE16AE5023" TEXT="not satisfied by a Japanese website offering adolescent clothing under mark &quot;Cecil McBee&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="E042343A-CA47-4FC3-9475-F316FCB6D97A" TEXT="plaintiff" LINK="http://www.cecilmcbeejazz.com" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478193490000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="5FA5066E-DCAC-45D8-B132-8B6D0CE57373" TEXT="defendant" LINK="https://perma.cc/AUR7-NYS8" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478193647000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="3590116C-CA31-41C9-9107-59675A24E876" TEXT="2. 6-month priority right under Paris Convention, Art. 4" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="381642F6-96AF-4B11-81FD-A934367713B6" TEXT="3. Obligation to protect &quot;well known marks&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="A017FD13-6663-4C60-B773-DFD4CD0271B8" TEXT="Treaty Obligations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="3AB93BAE-868D-4BDA-B1E2-1A1EFDA820DB" TEXT="Paris Convention Art. 6bis" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="BFFD0E86-0173-406B-8790-5D07608A7EC6" TEXT="TRIPS Arts. 16(2-3)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="790A7428-669D-447C-BC94-41EE8648C6F4" TEXT="Slow US Reception" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="4059BFB5-1351-48C9-8107-3E555F1D380A" TEXT="Grupo Gigante (CA9 2004)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="6289001D-16EB-4D06-A1D8-3E3C728CC4E0" TEXT="see &quot;Foreign Use&quot; in Part II" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="B0A667F6-5872-4918-AD09-BD3530BF3F58" TEXT="Importation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="A5940481-BBCE-43B1-9F12-C558E8436379" TEXT="Statutory Provisions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B08FE78F-B052-42D7-A6A8-4205A3B0E8AF" TEXT="Lanham Act 32, 42, 43" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="D5614B46-D544-431E-BFD7-9B20AEAC824E" TEXT="Tariff Act (1930)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="56A8BEB0-C7EE-4E3F-9083-9BD82273E224" TEXT="Section 1526" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="42C0EBAB-2CE0-4DB8-A6C3-1B5C4D42FF22" TEXT="&#xa7; 1526.  Merchandise bearing American trademark  (a) Importation prohibited. Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section, it shall be unlawful to import into the United States any merchandise of foreign manufacture if such merchandise, or the label, sign, print, package, wrapper, or receptacle, bears a trade-mark owned by a citizen of, or by a corporation or association created or organized within, the United States, and registered in the Patent Office [Patent and Trademark Office] by a person domiciled in the United States, under the provisions of the Act entitled &quot;An Act to authorize the registration of trade-marks used in commerce with foreign nations or among the several States or with Indian tribes, and to protect the same,&quot; approved February 20, 1905, as amended, and if a copy of the certificate of registration of such trade-mark is filed with the Secretary of the Treasury, in the manner provided in section 27 of such Act, unless written consent of the owner of such trade-mark is produced at the time of making entry." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E5EFB353-18A9-4EA3-AC38-898BB0D56A3B" TEXT="Regulations construing 1526" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="00F1F45E-7606-4AD3-B38D-17A7E609766D" TEXT="Section 337" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="A7F36697-7603-4F51-9BD2-EF78C4908B20" TEXT="&#xa7; 1337.  Unfair practices in import trade  (a) Unfair methods of competition declared unlawful.   (1) Subject to paragraph (2), the following are unlawful, and when found by the Commission to exist shall be dealt with, in addition to any other provision of law, as provided in this section:  " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478194014000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="140B1D20-25A6-4743-A429-2CA4163A4026" TEXT="(A) Unfair methods of competition and unfair acts in the importation of articles (other than articles provided for in subparagraphs (B), (C), (D), and (E)) into the United States, or in the sale of such articles by the owner, importer, or consignee, the threat or effect of which is--         (i) to destroy or substantially injure an industry in the United States;         (ii) to prevent the establishment of such an industry; or         (iii) to restrain or monopolize trade and commerce in the United States.      " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478194040000" MODIFIED="1478194066000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="827690DC-1556-41C4-AF6A-4CE46DC9A16D" TEXT="(B) The importation into the United States, the sale for importation, or the sale within the United States after importation by the owner, importer, or consignee, of articles that--         (i) infringe a valid and enforceable United States patent or a valid and enforceable United States copyright registered under title 17, United States Code; or         (ii) are made, produced, processed, or mined under, or by means of, a process covered by the claims of a valid and enforceable United States patent.      " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478194067000" MODIFIED="1478194092000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E24B0D4C-5C63-4387-9976-6FB351FC44F3" TEXT="(C) *The importation into the United States*, the sale for importation, or the sale within the United States after importation by the owner, importer, or consignee, *of articles that infringe a valid and enforceable United States trademark registered under the Trademark Act of 1946*." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478194092000" MODIFIED="1478194125000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="A4712A10-EF66-4135-B417-0F47951DC687" TEXT="As construed by CAFC in Bordeau, gives ITC the power to prevent the importation of goods that, if sold in US, would violate LA" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="05B6EC94-E7F1-4078-BF19-D2E2065D9558" TEXT="Right to prevent importation by unaffiliated defendant" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="E59211B2-2B4F-49D8-814A-FD71FA37FCE9" TEXT="If P holds a US TM, and a company unaffiliated with D seeks to import goods marked with the same or similar TM, P has lots of remedies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="3140F5B1-7A93-4E67-9295-450B20CDF439" TEXT="Grey-Market Goods" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9BD325B8-804C-47DF-9A9B-F004CE0D77B3" TEXT="defined:  " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="04F21995-B575-4C36-8D25-6844DB825308" TEXT="Bordeau (CAFC 2006):  products produced by or with the consent of the US TM holder, but not authorized for sale in US" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="387A0876-752D-4C45-9E21-5428E0976710" TEXT="USA system" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="0BE6B334-DA81-4251-8EED-E8C2B3A9B9A9" TEXT="Importation is lawful if US and foreign TM holders have common interest or control (parent, subsidiary, or same) and goods bearing the TM are the same" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="73BB7706-A324-4AE9-9869-58804F90FBB1" TEXT="Kmart (US 1988) upholds Customs Service regulations, construing 1526, that refuse to ban the importation of foreign-made goods in cases of common control" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="862D9F28-2564-45A7-80CB-1975E93C5FC8" TEXT="Variations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="DEEF8E9B-78C3-45AB-B0F9-A901E6CB11F0" TEXT="US firm U sets up a plant in France to manufacture goods; plant ships goods to US for sale here;  also sells goods in France; T buys goods in France and sells in US:  OK" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="14B35459-91B2-40E5-97F9-4A10F575497A" TEXT="US firm U sets up foreign subsidiary (U-France) to manufacture goods; U-France ships goods to US for sale here; U-France also sells goods in France; T buys goods in France and sells in US:  OK" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="20971734-2BDC-45FA-A85B-CF471C723790" TEXT="Foreign firm (FF) makes and sells goods in France; sets up US subsidiary F-US); FF has foreign TM; F-US has US TM on identical mark; T buys goods abroad and imports to US:  OK" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="CA620A3E-2785-44A8-8D92-BF0C48B494C1" TEXT="Effect:  Limit opportunities for differential pricing and control of marketing channels" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478220673000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="51B8F4D1-79C3-491C-855F-D23414D573A4" TEXT="Importation is unlawful if the two firms, though affiliated, lack common interest or control" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="5D498111-D139-4156-99F9-C6B5B556DC2B" TEXT="Classic example:  F-France sells to US firm (U) the right to register Mark and to sell FF&#x2019;s goods in US; T buys goods in France and imports to US.  Not OK" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477073672000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="0EA337BA-65B6-4C2D-ABBE-CC236C3C0A98" TEXT="Variation:  US Firm authorizes foreign Firm (F) to sell goods bearing the mark abroad, requires F to agree not to sell in US; T buys goods in France and sells in US.  Not OK" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B441DAFF-7197-4CDD-A047-1002FB579321" TEXT="Until 1988, Customs Service permitted importation under these conditions," STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="25E85F23-029D-4834-A22F-1C7CD84BEA65" TEXT="But SCt in K Mart struck this interpretation down" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="013F32EE-739C-44F1-92DD-FDFB67B5B409" TEXT="Importation is unlawful even if the US and foreign TM owners have common interest or control if US and foreign goods bearing identical marks differ materially in substance" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="30CDAB3B-E38E-4C91-8926-F816F3E31605" TEXT="Theory:  generates consumer confusion because consumers will not know which set of characteristics to associate with the product" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="D9E2FBAB-B4F6-4659-AF40-B2750076ED6C" TEXT="Statutory bases" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1478196384000" MODIFIED="1478196389000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="A947646A-55F0-48AD-855B-758E64C61472" TEXT="Under 1526, material-difference standard applies only to goods manufactured abroad &#x2013; K Mart" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E4EA52DA-F0FF-4594-BBC5-D991D0F40EE8" TEXT="Under 1337, material-difference standard applies both to goods manufactured in US and sold overseas, and to goods manufactured overseas (Bordeau)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="9B8C6D46-EC6F-4FF1-98AB-65F0FF8871D6" TEXT="Determining &#x201c;material difference&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1478196438000" MODIFIED="1478196453000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="1D16E2B6-4A38-4924-9359-4A74D80C0DDA" TEXT="Not necessary that D&#x2019;s product be inferior, just different" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="336D7C5D-1BCB-4254-B289-EDEC25703504" TEXT="Modest differences suffice" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="67698B40-1B32-4105-9FE6-4EBFFB0D85C7" TEXT="Martin Herend Imports (CA5 1997)  -- slight difference sufficient" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="751FC059-F947-4A7C-8083-C29F8B65A8D2" TEXT="Bourdeau Bros. (CAFC 2006) GLK 996:  Low threshold; only necessary that consumers would consider the features significant when deciding whether to buy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="CC9FA020-608F-4969-9785-81207D9DDA0F" TEXT="Different lighting systems, safety features, wagon hitches, instruction manuals on US and European tractors easily fit the bill" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="6E153BCD-29F5-4FE5-9E01-644D6984406C" TEXT="Nestle, 982 F.2d 639:  different amounts of ingredients in chocolate" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="3304A8D6-42ED-4883-A146-9F750BC78010" TEXT="Original Appalachian, 816 F.2d 68 (CA2 1987):  Cabbage Patch dolls sold in Spain have &#x201c;adoption papers&#x201d; in Spanish" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="BD810A89-EC5A-4764-B4C4-EAA6270F7DCD" TEXT="Kia:  differences in warranties sufficient" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="CEF22B35-F700-4D44-9C0E-A1E27999D3C1" TEXT="Procedure:  Kia Motors (2009):" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="745B83C7-8DE3-4B16-825B-F0F3BF00EB80" TEXT="&#x201c;Therefore, courts have adopted a simpler, two-part test to determine if likelihood of confusion exists in a gray market goods context: " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="0FB0D303-F8A3-408C-A40B-C579D394A4EB" TEXT="(1) were the goods not intended to be sold in the United States; and " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="0327A6D1-AB0D-4A79-A4B7-5335142B9C91" TEXT="(2) are they materially different from the goods typically sold in the United States?  " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="54D34888-B21A-417C-A431-40A1656B356F" TEXT="Once a plaintiff establishes a material difference, the burden shifts to the accused infringer to establish by a preponderance of evidence that the difference is not the kind that consumers, on average, would likely consider in purchasing a product." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="49F30508-1930-468C-80B1-927747AAF7FD" TEXT="Overriding with notice" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1478262755000" MODIFIED="1478262773000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="DDE338F4-9EE7-4374-BAEF-6E33EC76730B" TEXT="&#x201c;This product is not a product authorized by the United States trademark owner for importation and is physically and materially different from the authorized product&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478262777000" MODIFIED="1478262855000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="2879F0DF-F620-4453-81C2-1E76F19ABB2A" TEXT="notice must be &#x201c;designed to remain on the product until the first point of sale to a retail customer in the United States&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478262855000" MODIFIED="1478262939000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="F1C04FE9-1B60-4570-9320-500FF16C9B8D" TEXT="Customs and Border Protection Regulation, 19 CFR 133.2-133.27" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478262947000" MODIFIED="1478262978000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="640F1D10-89AF-47FE-8D8D-7DFF26BB626F" TEXT="P loses the benefit of the doctrine if it sells some goods within US with the same characteristics of the goods whose importation it&#x2019;s challenging " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477073643000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="05218173-9C96-4DEC-9428-664EA052F440" TEXT="Bordeau Bros. (CAFC 2006)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="F2C77960-DC8C-47A1-AA09-6E32DEF4E8D4" TEXT="Systems used by regional TM regimes" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Exhaustion%20Regional.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477073631000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="5DD4BB1F-73F5-4ED0-87B7-9D5427C023C4" TEXT="Domain Names" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="773D526B-1B6F-4F51-A7A0-FE835D4D5B80" TEXT="History" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="423C95BF-8DBC-4A88-BC64-A17346C2F3DF" TEXT="History of Domain Names" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1478719754000" MODIFIED="1478719761000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="9FF6597E-A107-4F4B-AC45-6BD489BDA9BC" TEXT="Types of dispute" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Disputes.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477074054000" MODIFIED="1477074063000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="9A2B69F5-BC05-4166-A23F-F3D9E6FBCB48" TEXT="late 1990s:  Courts in various countries apply traditional trademark law to domain-name disputes in divergent ways" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477074052000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="C09AE378-33FA-4103-9E4F-ABD14660730A" TEXT="Examples" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1478719811000" MODIFIED="1478719815000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="C7A5EE7E-A1BB-413B-B4EE-030EFF14EB38" TEXT="Amadeus Marketing (Italy 1997):  TM owner must prove operation of similar DN is directly confusing or damaging to TM" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="60991B6F-97A8-4882-98E6-08FC6C07354C" TEXT="British Telecommunications (UK 1998):  A DN incorporating a TM &#x201c;shows an inherent tendency to confuse&#x201d; consumers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="F4D8C153-DB8A-4B1A-8297-A0476DC80CCD" TEXT="Champagne C&#xe9;r&#xe9;ales (France 1998): A DN mimicking an unregistered TM creates excessive likelihood of confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="B99F9809-3914-4BA1-A364-4096F12DDF91" TEXT="Braunschweig (Germany 1997): DN incorporating name of a city creates likelihood of confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="96A6ADE1-6CB9-4BE0-8CBB-F98E3161F046" TEXT="Poor fit" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="31A876DF-3E6B-43C5-B58E-7244127A455D" TEXT="&#x201c;Use in Commerce&#x201d;? " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="964B1E38-0152-461D-B9B4-0E85AD15DFE4" TEXT="Consumer Confusion?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="9089CA56-618F-4EDB-8C57-67C25D167CFF" TEXT="Federal Dilution Doctrine only applies to &#x201c;famous&#x201d; marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="7541D3C1-9EFD-4674-8A8E-75F6B902CB94" TEXT="Judicial proceedings are slow and expensive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="E96AFF68-3A25-4004-A087-D2FF1266BB33" TEXT="Pressure increases to develop sui generis system" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477074016000" MODIFIED="1477074038000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="626D2576-6EAC-4A05-8A1F-BC4E107BD7D5" TEXT="UDRP" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="49DCF7AC-87F2-4DAD-A951-924DF1EF499A" TEXT="Coverage" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2F69C99E-80DF-46D2-9DF5-01006C4F743E" TEXT="all gTLDs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="121BD317-D5C0-44EC-844D-51F1A2A53465" TEXT="aprx. 1/3 of cc TLDs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="06FA412A-3007-4E74-9EF4-5334D9174457" TEXT="Requirements" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="60EE2A76-0568-4C39-995E-3E469CDFAD98" TEXT="1. the domain name is identical or misleadingly similar to a trademark in which someone else has rights. " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478785538000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="88B11797-D075-49F3-806D-1351CA05427F" TEXT="cf. Initial interest confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E6F128DA-C562-4411-B7CA-744C765FE0D0" TEXT="Applies to both registered and unregistered trademarks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="4E1E4B98-0E73-4B85-9654-78872DAA2467" TEXT="2. the holder of the domain name has no rights or legitimate interests in that domain name " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478785542000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="3B2398A8-86C6-4CAC-8D72-E79717C20768" TEXT="e.g., Pre-dispute use or demonstrable preparations to use the DN in bona fide offering of goods or services" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="16328212-C755-4E14-95D4-9D9C08B04F5D" TEXT="e.g., Defendant was commonly known by the name" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="553198BF-1015-4307-920D-D4CB89129093" TEXT="e.g., Legitimate, noncommercial or fair use of the DN without intent to misleadingly divert or tarnish " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="56778F15-FB5D-4368-B923-0949E4E80735" TEXT="3. the domain name has been&#10; registered and is used in bad faith." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478785548000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="DE41BA3A-831E-4B49-8DF5-76DB5348E7BE" TEXT="e.g., Circumstances indicate that defendant&#x2019;s main purpose was to sell DN to TM owner for more than the direct costs of registration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="AF03ABB8-BF3B-4044-ABB3-9D40251CB181" TEXT="e.g., History of registering DNs to prevent TM owners from registering" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E33A4EC4-4A58-4E48-BB97-954BFE380EAD" TEXT="e.g., Registering a DN in order to disrupt the business of a competitor " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="222FEA8E-2EFA-41F3-BF0B-D7068C697E6B" TEXT="e.g., Attempting to divert Internet users to Defendant&#x2019;s site for commercial gain by creating confusion concerning source or sponsorship" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="05FD9E1E-10AC-4CCE-9600-66DCC538F6B9" TEXT="Procedure" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="F10983C9-8E45-4465-9682-59A28970809E" TEXT="Complainant picks forum" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="97D4DDA5-5F24-4452-BCB1-B6A12E553FD0" TEXT="Respondent has 20 days to respond" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="441CD6CC-51AC-4B68-AB3A-F84CFE43EE83" TEXT="No additional submissions typically are permitted" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="9038C4F9-D67C-4223-B453-D66C619457DF" TEXT="Decision within 14 days of appointment of panelist(s)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E55FD696-D9FB-4D01-B1A9-34426F0D5F10" TEXT="Respondents default 50% of the time" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E890E7A2-D918-4E7A-B816-7D8BEEF923E4" TEXT="Remedies:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="1A407870-6601-4589-91EB-378E3FB3323B" TEXT="Cancellation of the registration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E918D682-48A6-47A5-9C18-33F4DE486A51" TEXT="Transfer of the DN to the complainant " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="A7108980-BC93-402D-A8EB-E936E79D6E62" TEXT="Losing respondent can postpone remedy by filing suit within 20 days" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="1825ECAD-80A4-48A4-8E44-B8C3ED8FFEF3" TEXT="Approved Providers" LINK="https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/providers-6d-2012-02-25-en" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477074171000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="25A1AA96-9812-472E-8102-4D9CFE094775" TEXT="Asian Domain Name Dispute Resolution Centre" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="88C62F46-F8C2-4C81-A729-29919264B4BB" TEXT="Arab Center for Domain Name Dispute Resolution" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477074192000" MODIFIED="1477074214000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="4FB13674-BA13-4973-8A16-3E1B1146466E" TEXT="Czech Arbitration Court" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="9DCE9590-AFC2-4018-A036-5BD438C5B2E0" TEXT="National Arbitration Forum" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="B7EBF514-05D4-4EC1-8ACD-C50E8FA46038" TEXT="WIPO" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="3535AD6E-26F5-4F4C-8251-EA2FCE710462" TEXT="Usage" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/UDRPUsage.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477074246000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="3152AEF1-77D9-493E-99CD-88DB943331CC" TEXT="ACPA" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="1B285093-EFEF-4CBF-8FE1-00268E7013A8" TEXT="Requirements" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="6EEC82BF-8AA9-445D-9061-B47B0A734C6D" TEXT="TM owners have civil cause of action against defendants who, with bad faith intent to profit from the goodwill of a TM, register or use a DN that is:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="F51CDE2D-882F-4482-A6F2-DC8B6FE2772B" TEXT=" identical or confusingly similar to a distinctive mark, or" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="217A4B9E-F78A-4ECE-831A-BC319C18FA8E" TEXT="confusion assessed through comparison of the 2 names, not through evaluation of surrounding circumstances" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="A722D5E4-0F30-4873-AD04-1F2D1BEBBC12" TEXT="differences in suffixes or minor differences in spelling will not prevent a finding of confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="DA0BE248-4CDF-4A64-8D11-7D996DF55F37" TEXT=" dilutive of a famous mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="B94CF267-B9A2-4B90-BD89-CA35736C5FA2" TEXT="Factors used to determine bad faith" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="48924858-FC03-4EEB-9C10-673A87F76B9A" TEXT="1. Does D have IP rights in the DN?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#00FF00" /></node><node ID="0B811D45-EE07-453B-988C-8B6906B2D314" TEXT="2. Is the DN D&#x2019;s legal or customary name?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#00FF00" /></node><node ID="34850B50-1C28-43A1-8813-AEC3F25FB73C" TEXT="3. D&#x2019;s prior use of DN to offer goods/services" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#00FF00" /></node><node ID="EA6ECF3B-7252-482C-9835-690BA91D4C67" TEXT="4. D&#x2019;s prior noncommercial or fair use of DN" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#00FF00" /></node><node ID="C667E190-412C-457B-905F-33C35A67BA52" TEXT="5. D&#x2018;s intent to divert business from P and harm P's good will by causing likelihood of confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="08455CFC-135D-43AF-AD97-D6BF3684F39B" TEXT="6. D's offer to sell DN &#x2013; or habit of doing so" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="8C6C57A1-84E2-425B-8798-04CC95AFA2AE" TEXT="7. Did D provide false contact information" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="1A110CE6-D793-4A13-8FF1-B7B6CDCD2A85" TEXT="8. Did D acquire multiple DNs similar to TMs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="0EEEF1E4-0ED9-4BEB-AD7D-D2814B495B26" TEXT="9. How distinctive or famous is P&#x2019;s mark?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#D6D6D6" /></node></node><node ID="085A1457-FAC2-4CCF-B99F-FB27609511D1" TEXT="Safe Harbor:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="7DD2BA68-26E6-4ECE-B897-28446A4B5F44" TEXT="&#x201c;Bad faith intent&#x201d; shall not be found where the defendant &#x201c;believed and had reasonable grounds to believe that the use of the domain name was a fair use or otherwise lawful&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="FE1AA7F9-8E43-4C6C-A4AC-2594DFF8BB29" TEXT="Remedies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="4DAA98EC-4561-45B6-B941-00F28B89ECD1" TEXT="Injunctive Relief (retroactive)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="5AF7A84B-6948-4845-99DB-D84A8EA32130" TEXT="Damages  (nonretroactive)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="898813EE-5FCA-40DB-B94D-6F1D384CF87F" TEXT="Statutory Damages  (nonretroactive)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="E3B13EAE-F106-4C5B-AC3B-2F504E7D183B" TEXT="$1000 - $100,000 per domain name" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="B2D044A2-A8D4-4E4B-AFAA-65F54325F960" TEXT="In rem jurisdiction" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="91728944-F073-4AF8-91F1-EE56844109CD" TEXT="Fourth Circuit construes to reach suits brought under sections 32, 43(a) and 43(c), as well as suits under section 43(d)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="E0A0FD46-7683-4612-9836-BEFD5A832D45" TEXT="Registrars may sua sponte refuse to register marks that they deem to violate the rules" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="0FF7F422-DB21-4F7E-9B63-CD7E2FED525B" TEXT="Cases" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="E3FA9AB0-A71D-4623-9405-AAE416E08B39" TEXT="Sporty's" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Sportys.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477074299000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="B04D0AF5-4614-4946-AF7C-53E16664BAF2" TEXT="Lucas Nursery" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Lucas%20Nursery.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477074331000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="F5353ACA-CB53-49FE-AD8B-2EBD7225EF02" TEXT="PETA" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/PETA.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477074352000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="8AB9A44F-9904-4B0B-B28F-60E765E6B955" TEXT="Mattel" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Mattel.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477074377000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="BB9C08A4-DCEC-4AA0-8FA5-41EEA724E16A" TEXT="Secondary Liability" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B0F103E3-529E-4B53-A5D2-DAE1245C00C0" TEXT="Principles" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2387E6A1-354D-47CD-BF99-F6671AF5E9C3" TEXT="Bases of liability" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="AE5648F9-6BF1-4B32-B375-503C04A2060E" TEXT="unfair competition" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="12736FFF-8E55-4D48-930D-E308642CA69F" TEXT="LA 32" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="3CD53053-A8A2-4B63-B5F6-9C36CCF2F1C2" TEXT="LA 43(a)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="CC0C16E6-7A1A-42D2-9CD1-FB2D87E08938" TEXT="LA 43(c)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478868741000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="B0D8C337-F60E-4ABB-BD98-74973181B1BE" TEXT="contributory liability (classic version)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2ADF0A49-31A4-4F97-81F2-7E8C4A6D585E" TEXT="D actively induces TM infringement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="1496498D-E954-4411-8935-3C0775D2AA61" TEXT="D sells products or supplies services to a party that D knows or has reason to know is using them to infringe" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="7CE00556-358D-4B0C-8769-BAD1DC0E5B6B" TEXT="vicarious liability" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="F053530D-1882-4F4A-AD0D-4EBFCBDF5AF8" TEXT="defendant and direct infringer must have an apparent or actual partnership" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="712A7829-6AAF-4386-BFB8-8226683DA97B" TEXT="Applications" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="D58CC246-992C-4634-AAAD-15284F5FD4B0" TEXT="William Warner v. Eli Lilly (1924)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="690018CE-F31C-4AE5-9754-9345FD5E6DD1" TEXT="pharmacists passing off &quot;Coco-quinine&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="30C75C27-3B15-4BEA-B0D2-02990F09BD04" TEXT="Inwood Labs (USSCt 1982)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="4BEC48B4-5377-4112-8676-8DF1667CCDA3" TEXT="generic drug manufacturer supplies drugs to pharmacist known to be mislabeling them" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="B77AAD5B-EC77-4431-B05C-209869C0FDD9" TEXT="Mini Maid Services (CA11 1992)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="BF7DAA19-A16E-4964-B3D3-999AEDB76C95" TEXT="Franchisor has no duty to supervise diligently the activities of franchisees" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="CC54BB63-6E62-4E43-BB97-20AAD3F1EF18" TEXT="But franchisor is liable if it knew of infringements by franchisees and failed to exercise contractual power to stop" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="6B31DCE1-FAB1-4ACD-9729-3681977707B8" TEXT="Hard Rock Cafe (CA7 1992)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="91255BDB-966B-469E-A9E0-624295BA52AA" TEXT="contributory liability" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="3F2FBB62-1B4F-40EF-8B07-913D7C3B644F" TEXT="&quot;willfully blindness&quot; would give rise to liability" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479391164000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="7B83BA13-10A1-4508-BF1A-38CB4CBCDCB9" TEXT="but flea market operator is not obliged to seek out and prevent acts of infringement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="D06B2C47-4AD0-4E61-BF52-62493EEFEFF1" TEXT="vicarious liability" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="68E38C32-7B55-4E39-9797-EB9DA838DDF7" TEXT="flea market operator is not vicariously liable where it did not exercise joint ownership or control over the infringing products" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="C2904146-DF04-48DE-B32A-6794284F3237" TEXT="Fonovisa (CA9 1996)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="4027E9E2-BD51-4913-AD29-EE7C59FDDE37" TEXT="flea market operator liable for &quot;supplying the necessary marketplace&quot; for infringing sales" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="9E726156-5341-4A40-B5F2-81B29DCA78F5" TEXT="Lockheed Martin (CA9 1999)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B510AEF0-4DDE-4913-9887-17A224D44192" TEXT="Domain name registrar (NSI) not liable for registering and refusing to cancel infringing domain names" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="911E590C-4B7A-4226-8A1F-984CD77709C8" TEXT="no &quot;direct control and monitoring&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="C6682A83-8977-4C01-B057-0716FD0F278C" TEXT="GEICO v. Google (EDVa 2004)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="EE4CDE3E-32C9-4655-8C79-341C99DFC01A" TEXT="purchasers of banner ads incorporate in those ads P's TMs in ways that cause consumer confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="F08AFBD7-92CE-4361-A761-8431211D5FC6" TEXT="held:  Google is secondarily liable because it exercises significant control over the content of the ads" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="903E56A7-ACB1-4620-AB7B-58B001308A33" TEXT="Perfect 10 (CA9 2007)(2/1)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="D0D077F2-A2B2-4A8F-80E9-21641C0271BF" TEXT="credit card companies processes payments made by customers to websites selling images that infringe P's TMs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="A1141260-AD0B-4763-A751-18C572109637" TEXT="contributory liability" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B31E5C17-97A2-41B5-A166-D473C47ABEAB" TEXT="held:  insufficient &quot;direct control and monitoring of the instrumentality&quot; to support secondary liability" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="B6E9D2B1-F836-4E48-92E2-989B64D0E316" TEXT="vicarious liability" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="1C691F9B-4F6F-43BE-BAE3-5459052062CC" TEXT="no VL where defendant credit card companies and infringing websites did not have a symbiotic relationship and were not under joint ownership and control" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="3BB2BA0C-D6DC-4FCB-847F-8022886044F3" TEXT="Ebay cases" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="AF26DDEA-6820-46C1-A44E-1E4696790DE4" TEXT="France" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="412B45C7-48CE-4AD3-A74F-47BCBBADF02F" TEXT="legal principles:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="E8CC3DB2-C818-4598-97E3-71826FEB6B6F" TEXT="Civil Code, arts 1382-1383 impose general duty to avoid causing harm to another" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="F3FE4761-F357-4641-BC85-15E3D3977192" TEXT="Art. 6 of Law on Confidence in Digital Economy grants safe harbor to internet hosts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="1D0BAD23-1F2E-4377-AA1A-9154F40C9633" TEXT="case law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="0FC55F9E-1D87-4D7E-952E-E90EA783A8B4" TEXT="Louis Vuitton (2008)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="5BF0155A-18C7-425E-B6AB-4D8D5BDAA38A" TEXT="ebay liable; as broker receiving commissions, doesn't qualify as host" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="C946518F-B616-46AE-AC5B-EDBB6F9ACAA7" TEXT="Hermes (2008)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="E1106F40-FCB0-4878-8B41-5B942F03E218" TEXT="same" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="C039FDF4-23C0-4E10-96C3-E94B668C9C96" TEXT="Christian Dior (2008)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="7732AE71-6B9D-47D4-BF5A-BF150AB32F5B" TEXT="same" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="978D18DC-5C71-4D44-B706-A7B75F7783B2" TEXT="L'Oreal (2009)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="34EFF730-78FD-4A04-90CC-4B00DC5F73CD" TEXT="eBay not liable; had taken sufficient precautions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="AD2C091E-D83A-4CBD-B1A0-5B4210BF1FC0" TEXT="parties urged to undergo mediation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="4B084770-80F9-40D2-84A6-339DE6081009" TEXT="Germany" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="ECE3A9AC-1C07-4D9E-9924-B14DC77A01F4" TEXT="Internet Auction II (2007)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="C0FA1975-F2D2-4476-BAE1-FEBF9BEE9A14" TEXT="eBay liable as an intermediary for sales of counterfeit Rolex watches" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E24866F5-B197-4CEA-A7D0-E359B41CEFBD" TEXT="however, liability dependent upon capacity to detect and halt infringing sales with reasonably affordable filtering technology" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="40B3DB58-7C36-4531-8D9C-55E706F482BD" TEXT="UK" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9F458738-E9FF-49A5-AE99-2075F3F90B51" TEXT="L'Oreal (2009)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="83BF759F-A84B-4863-84B2-85A3CD82AF3C" TEXT="eBay liable only if it &quot;procured or induced [the primary infringer's behavior], or joined in the common design pursuant to which the [infringement] was committed.&quot; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="2F8A92E5-A217-47D4-A932-E2567D175C7D" TEXT="Belgium" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="4546CBB4-0EC4-41CD-B3D5-AEE152EFC493" TEXT="Lancome (2008)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="C6832D8E-CE91-4031-A1E7-77CBA92A3FFF" TEXT="eBay qualifies as a host under Article 14 of the EU Directive on Electronic Commerce" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="929B509F-9F31-4872-B6EA-D6BE9AFDB574" TEXT="USA" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="FA8E745F-FE73-4BF5-8BE3-E516E478C5AF" TEXT="Tiffany v. eBay" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="7AEA621F-FB63-4A2C-B236-2E1B69B9A5C2" TEXT="Facts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9E111168-DDA0-414F-B6D8-0ACDC3179574" TEXT="Tiffany products routinely sold on eBay; some are counterfeit" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Tiffany.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477074735000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="982C8E8F-9BF8-42C9-8478-C47EBB9A53C8" TEXT="Ebay removes auction items whenever Tiffany identifies them as counterfeit" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="EE6D5088-652F-4281-AB3F-B1B2EE78492F" TEXT="But Ebay refuses to monitor auctions to ensure that no one seller offers more than five items" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="BE112588-4B45-4CE5-8F48-4F259D72C8CF" TEXT="decision" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2FD99C1F-3A92-4162-AEE1-FF218986B34C" TEXT="SDNY 2008:  eBay not liable; no &quot;specific knowledge&quot; of infringement; duty to monitor does not run this far" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="74E52428-9D26-487C-8F85-DFBAD64332BF" TEXT="CA2 2010:  No liability in absence of either:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="DA359401-2506-4C33-95DC-D7CADA07F37F" TEXT="failure to respond after receiving specific notice of infringing works" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="93A67CD7-5EA5-423B-850D-D2F752C8EDB2" TEXT="willful blindness" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="AD9A0D65-35A1-4D97-B9B3-5A11395D5BD6" TEXT="eBay&#x2019;s current policies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1477074605000" MODIFIED="1477074615000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="6C1D96F9-C472-4EFC-B78D-1B34E91C9368" TEXT="Vero" LINK="http://pages.ebay.com/help/policies/programs-vero-ov.html" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477074618000" MODIFIED="1477074632000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="7C725B9C-E8CB-4B35-9AA6-5C17105248E1" TEXT="Notice of claimed infringement" LINK="http://pics.ebaystatic.com/aw/pics/pdf/us/help/community/NOCI1.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477074650000" MODIFIED="1477074660000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="DB6FBD53-79F0-4513-A25E-5DAC8C2F7BF7" TEXT="eBay Against Counterfeits" LINK="http://pages.ebay.com/againstcounterfeits/index.html" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477074678000" MODIFIED="1477074690000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="CB79E978-33E4-4856-97D3-6309EE8ABBBC" TEXT="V. Defenses" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" POSITION="right" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="EC292657-7B61-44A5-8713-CA8CDC6152E8" TEXT="Fraud" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="A98DD32E-B63C-439E-9B3A-20184D927304" TEXT="Substantive Standard" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1479297670000" MODIFIED="1479297686000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="17163026-8A93-4EF9-9B8A-47263DA0A50B" TEXT="2003-2009, TTAB adopted an easy-to-satisfy standard:  X commits fraud if it knew or should have known that a statement was false or misleading" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479298159000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="4FF37C0C-D0E1-4087-8C91-E2F88FE45A5C" TEXT="Medinol (2003)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="F04CE065-60F1-47D7-89EF-D22880C208F4" TEXT="Standard Knitting (2006)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="3456CF63-4C19-471E-A095-387B1A7C8603" TEXT="In Bose (2009), CAFC reinstated traditional standard: applicant *knowingly* makes a *false*, *material* representation to PTO with *intent to deceive* " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479298373000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="B78EAA95-0BDD-4346-9A0B-2C19308471FB" TEXT="Neither negligence nor gross negligence is&#10; sufficient; need scienter " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479297744000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="AEBD8B73-79DA-4B2F-A0B3-4CF7F3AE1D5B" TEXT="Proof must be by clear and convincing evidence" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="805B9B6F-411B-45FC-A618-7D6BCEF2FAE3" TEXT="But intent may be inferred from objective evidence" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="A5448C3C-8653-4DE3-AE9E-467491612863" TEXT="Applied:  General Counsel&#x2019;s belief that repairing old tape recorders sold under the Wave label was sufficient to establish continuing use is enough to negate scienter" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="1138C61F-D06B-44B4-B356-F9D32C3D9788" TEXT="Since then, findings of fraud have been rare" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1479298688000" MODIFIED="1479298717000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="8696D535-9B03-4CBF-8B5D-B28C68D98159" TEXT="e.g., Melodrama Publishing (SDNY 2013) (multiple clear-cut lies)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1479298723000" MODIFIED="1479298802000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="D9AB215C-7FA6-4983-952B-E84A057E4536" TEXT="e.g., Nationstar Mortgage (TTAB 2014) (registrant&#x2019;s testimony found to be &#x201c;so lacking in conviction and credibility as to be virtually incapable of corroboration.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1479299084000" MODIFIED="1479299122000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="38DD9E50-CC4A-4AA5-9EF7-F1B7D3CCB12D" TEXT="Penalty" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1479297693000" MODIFIED="1479297696000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="4B9DD247-BA9C-47B9-BA36-6033F9E7A36C" TEXT="Effect:  Cancellation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="DC6CC401-E2B3-4D2B-936F-E49654065C81" TEXT="Can be asserted to cancel any registration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="6732EA55-AFBE-4778-B183-7A0CE9563B23" TEXT="Even apply to incontestable marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="CA63BAC4-27DA-4616-852F-97C3CA6A8950" TEXT="Severity of the penalty arises from the fact that cancellation covers the mark as a whole, not just uses of the mark to which the fraud applies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="55473D13-624B-4D28-8CFB-95689A2F9F42" TEXT="See, e.g., Bose (2009):  Bose falsely asserted that mark Wave was still used on tape recorders; TTAB decision: cancel mark even as to radios" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479298169000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="53651DDF-976D-4BCB-BA78-EC70E157ED82" TEXT="However, trademark owner retains common-law rights" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479299196000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="97B9B91E-13A0-413E-8A18-667CBF7C866D" TEXT="Fair Use" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1479473375000" MODIFIED="1479473380000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="E7343BC2-F031-4FDB-8FAC-BD583DD76675" TEXT="Classic Fair Use" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="B2E585EF-99DD-4DAC-A571-B3A15FBF7A0B" TEXT="Typical scenario:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="CA83F00F-89AC-4D11-9DF7-F32D615F2776" TEXT="P secures protection for a descriptive mark through secondary meaning (SM)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479299407000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="DF969AE3-2E9B-4FDD-AE08-1F82F38FEC28" TEXT="D uses P&#x2019;s mark, *not as a TM or service mark* (i.e., not to indicate origin or source &#x2013; the company from which it emanates) but rather to describe fairly and in good faith *D&#x2019;s products* (i.e., their characteristics or geographic origin)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479468045000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="33AFAFCA-EF14-45EB-B364-F5D178A9207B" TEXT="Examples" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="C059F740-0288-4A9B-A1EA-AC60AA2088F8" TEXT="Zatarains (CA5 1983):  " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="6130187F-1587-487C-8181-0A5CD63783AB" TEXT="P had valid mark in &#x201c;Fish-Fri&#x201d;; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="E66C94BC-C691-4BA6-9FB2-8779546FDC11" TEXT="D described its coating mix for fried food as &#x201c;Fish Fry&#x201d;  " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="C96FC1E2-AA01-457C-A31B-2496485CBBE0" TEXT="Held:  fair use" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="85F02914-23F8-4B3D-A247-66FA0E03ED04" TEXT="US Shoe (CA2 1990) (Leval)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="84ED5EA3-BB3E-48E4-B3F2-8769B4B8BAC4" TEXT="P&#x2019;s slogan:  &#x201c;Looks like a Pumo, feels like a sneaker&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478560286000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="2505A2D9-B964-41F0-9494-401AA3870ED6" TEXT="D&#x2019;s slogan:  &#x201c;And when we say if feels like a sneaker, we&#x2019;re not just stringing you along&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478560305000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="9B37CBED-5DC1-4358-9C52-7364D573F78D" TEXT="KP Permanent Make-up&#10; (US 2004)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="1178BF60-093F-4C7F-9B60-C4BEC4E27E78" TEXT="D need not disprove likelihood of consumer confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="09220F6F-B126-4387-8CDD-6F74825D2EAD" TEXT="Rely on text of 33(b)(4)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="6276F030-F338-494B-8342-A33065EE78AF" TEXT="Some degree of consumer confusion is compatible with fair use " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="919BF87C-AF5B-4AB2-B500-707181A6DC8F" TEXT="But SCt leaves open possibility that consumer confusion is relevant to proof of the component parts of the defense:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="CEB589E6-B3C0-4164-BD05-BFCBF6E13290" TEXT="b.  really descriptive in character " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479299461000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="DE850942-41BD-42E6-9D77-EB5C5D06DC12" TEXT="a.  &#x201c;objectively fair&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479299455000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="EF08587E-8155-4DD3-B403-B7ABF68D0EF1" TEXT="Court of Appeals on remand constructs a list of factors to determine whether D's action was &quot;fair&quot;:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479299509000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="F32662E7-144E-43D7-8FFC-CE208C2EE314" TEXT="1.  likelihood of confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479299520000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="4775403B-1BE6-44FE-B02F-32FBF9ADC28F" TEXT="2.  strength of P&#x2019;s mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479299526000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="C994BAE0-C6B4-43EA-86AF-AC1F47D5BFD9" TEXT="3.  descriptive nature of the term" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479299531000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="1E28D347-25E2-4FCF-8EBC-91A28C7AC0F7" TEXT="4.  available alternatives" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479299536000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="C7B131B4-B5E6-47B8-AB01-C22626F6CDFB" TEXT="5.  extent of use of the term prior to registration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479299544000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="D4D080FB-DA66-4CE9-9BD3-5A513B8354E1" TEXT="6.  any differences among the times and contexts in which P has used the term   " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479299549000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="01BE6B40-24B9-42EF-9AEC-936E9B6DC1F5" TEXT="Nominative Fair Use" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="4B629A9C-E9D7-453E-9858-99B8C8E04480" TEXT="Requirements" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="59F9B806-594A-47CF-A417-A6D33DCC7FC4" TEXT="When D (a commercial user) uses P&#x2018;s mark to describe P&#x2018;s product, fair use iff:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="4368EFB9-2B55-4A9A-867A-56A1E05AE97A" TEXT="1.  P&#x2018;s product is not readily identifiable without use of the TM" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="C0EF4DCA-1C01-4E2C-A5B3-16475408B2FC" TEXT="2.  only so much of P&#x2018;s mark is used as is necessary to identify P&#x2018;s product" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="2F590D87-7BB1-4A36-8C16-BFEF071E4FF1" TEXT="3.  D in no way suggests that P sponsors the reference" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="298EB717-7678-4765-BB2E-C262EAD5F4C2" TEXT="Examples" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="EF23FBB6-7917-4965-94EB-840325CE4848" TEXT="New Kids (CA9 1992) " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="61A6CAD4-7BCD-40F4-9F96-0A84B3C78BB6" TEXT="USA today and The Star set up 900 numbers to determine fans&#x2019; opinions as to the most attractive member of the New Kids on the Block" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="E6397B0B-A9DD-447A-A7C4-CFB4EFBC2740" TEXT="Laches" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="D9ECBDF5-7ABF-4995-90A5-9B2740399533" TEXT="No Statute of Limitations for Lanham Act violations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="6C578E5B-3ACC-44E1-AE0B-C1864B0C428E" TEXT="Some states have SOLs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="4CCA7E22-00BA-4363-AACD-35E7BCD2FA4F" TEXT="But don&#x2019;t do much good, because continuing tort of use of an infringing mark keeps pushing the cutoff date back" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="14C798AE-F3DC-4718-B098-1CD3E48AD9E4" TEXT="Instead, courts use doctrine of laches to penalize delay" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="F574DD2E-4481-4A2E-A576-6274845A95B4" TEXT="Equitable doctrine" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="0D46758E-3232-40D0-90D0-B33DE5F6FB2C" TEXT="No right to trial by jury" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="D3DA9F88-64CF-4F37-AF5D-2807F5B89815" TEXT="Lots of discretion in trail court" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479301707000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="E7E23F2D-9995-4874-B884-F34BBE07D501" TEXT="Court of Appeals reviews for abuse of discretion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479301717000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="50745906-9926-405D-B5D4-F40D30B78F2C" TEXT="Defendant must show:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479301739000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="C911532A-ACF3-47B6-8362-6CC0BCCB3ECD" TEXT="P had knowledge of D&#x2019;s use of the mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="F9B1E730-9005-4B94-93D7-4933127F0E9F" TEXT="P delayed inexcusably in taking action" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="02D968BA-D341-413F-9FC9-134C5A4A404B" TEXT="Examples of Legitimate Excuses" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479301787000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="F97740A3-5B4C-4418-A679-94442D8578E9" TEXT="Good-faith settlement negotiations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="FCABE89D-6452-4934-AE5E-50E8749C51E0" TEXT="P was litigating against other infringers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="1A0E64DD-E9F8-4F9F-AA5F-074016FEEC2A" TEXT="P was waiting until moment when D&#x2019;s activity posed significant threat of confusion/harm  &#x2013; &#x201c;progressive encroachment&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479301827000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="30388207-B281-4288-A9B0-91BD88BE5593" TEXT="but cf. Polaroid (inequitable to wait until D&#x2019;s business is well established)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1479469882000" MODIFIED="1479469946000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="0E77744E-9EC0-4B38-9B23-BA0973F253FC" TEXT="D will be prejudiced by P&#x2019;s delay" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="3F6A0BCF-0EB4-4756-9427-7DC92C47F5AC" TEXT="Public Interest:  " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="6F4629E2-60B3-447C-ADC8-666BA8E979E9" TEXT="Laches may be trumped by interest of the public in not being confused" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="DFAB56A9-A212-475B-9EA3-F09C4370270F" TEXT="The greater the likelihood of confusion, the greater the odds that court will refuse to recognize laches" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="EF5F26C1-40F3-4BC2-8B96-15311B6CA76A" TEXT="Where confusion is &#x201c;inevitable,&#x201d; court will often ignore even clear, long delay" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="56D16E96-93AC-4705-AF03-D53209A466C7" TEXT="some courts are less likely to recognize laches as a defenses when P seeks injunctive relief" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="7412DF53-AAE0-46E1-A41D-FE7854867BF2" TEXT="Laches in Cancellation Proceedings" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="16811897-7660-4FA3-AB68-DD10E4CCAB4B" TEXT="&quot;flipped&quot; use of the doctrine" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="EEF30050-C55F-4452-A4DB-E73C7BF39A00" TEXT="i.e., employed by TM owner to repel attacks on the mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479301878000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="BA69201B-4FE0-4B12-8715-6269F4E23B82" TEXT="Harjo (DCCir 2009)  " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="09F38BF0-24B0-4A45-B885-077ACAF3A02B" TEXT="Laches applies only to *parties* who have unjustifiably delayed" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479470172000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="078F9F15-7DC8-4467-B50F-7C1BE8781AC9" TEXT="i.e., look at issue from individual standpoint" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="763714CF-C543-44FB-B715-740D21033C17" TEXT="check age and actions of youngest challenger" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="5A0CC644-0122-4150-92E8-1708E6B48F24" TEXT="Requires proof of:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="AAADF45D-2DA6-4FFF-90DE-372FAA2B52BD" TEXT="(1) Lack of diligence" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="D0ACCBC1-D421-4A41-B7FF-7A2FFE709A41" TEXT="(2) Prejudice" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="4AED0FE6-1136-4A31-9372-2E179865F49D" TEXT="(a) trial prejudice, or" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479301916000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="D907B10B-C451-4D4D-9B11-E22D73A0D0A5" TEXT="--i.e., impact D&#x2019;s ability to mount effective defense" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="4C2B256F-6801-4EF9-B198-9C350D71E220" TEXT="(b) economic prejudice      " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="7EEA8862-7200-404F-A7AC-B15913FE91A1" TEXT="  --i.e., TM owner relied to his detriment on challenger&#x2019;s delay (applied generously to P)       " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479470120000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="9517C07E-B80F-4B30-9781-A1C06EE31DEA" TEXT=" --continued investment in the mark in question is enough" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="4CE94EAD-FEF3-4199-8425-17152F7E2CD2" TEXT="the more of one; the less you need of the other" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="9C384C59-8F0C-407A-98DA-1DB9F49D284E" TEXT="Noncommercial Activities" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1479472775000" MODIFIED="1479472801000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="648F75B2-DD6C-49C6-8DA7-941C34C4A621" TEXT="&quot;Trademark Use&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="5268A39C-7823-4162-ADC9-53DE9FE4DFC4" TEXT="Theory" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="C7AED121-7435-4BFE-B684-701AA869ABCD" TEXT="Some commentators (e.g., Stacy Dogan; Mark Lemley; Margreth Barrett) argue that TM liability is  only possible when the mark at issue is used to mark goods or services, which are then distributed in commerce" LINK="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=961470" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477074923000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="AEB9FFAD-0655-45F6-BEDC-5C258DC6F9EE" TEXT="Liability for TM infringement should arise only where D is " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="CC827BB7-1796-437D-8711-A131376701EA" TEXT="(a) selling goods or services and" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="D1721E7E-C06C-40F0-9298-C30811BEA47F" TEXT="(b) using the mark at issue to designate those goods or services" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="D2CF56DD-9224-48F8-A6AB-B07503F7FC69" TEXT="i.e., D invites consumers to regard the mark as a designation of D's goods or services, and" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="21DDA3D7-47D3-4F2E-86B3-7B0BF7F5E09F" TEXT="Consumers are likely to regard the mark as a designation of D's goods and services" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="CB090F9B-B3EA-4E89-84C9-C585071C9434" TEXT="History" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="5ADDF1A1-2589-452F-A79A-D09F585A34F7" TEXT="These limitations were little noticed in the past, because defendants' behavior routinely qualified" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="5425BF60-3B1E-4060-AC13-5FDB091C36A7" TEXT="But now novel uses of TMs are bringing them to the surface" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="6603AB23-DA1E-49B4-B528-CCE399FA4F5F" TEXT="Scholarly Applications" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="2C1B0938-11CD-4F9F-917B-C9021D3C995E" TEXT="Would exempt search engine cases &#x2013; where TM is used as a trigger to show an ad" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="1F43E04A-D9C4-470A-92D1-721532FE09E9" TEXT="Would exempt companies selling domain names that include TMs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="A57DC47D-7D9F-4CC4-9DE3-41D049A79A00" TEXT="Other commentators (e.g., Graeme Dinwoodie and Mark Janis) argue no such doctrine" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="2F7D91CE-05BA-4491-B623-0D092F03AAC1" TEXT="No support in the case law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="17D02FDA-4BC6-4DCA-B2C4-AEFC3E90E2F3" TEXT="Would render TM Fair Use Doctrine irrelevant" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="24DFEF95-2BC5-4117-B875-2A43908AC379" TEXT="Analytically unhelpful" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="F3D7C9BC-1140-4DB5-8E2D-D677E9D28DB7" TEXT="Mark McKenna" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="B9C6008E-6BDA-4217-8079-224B2B16C8B5" TEXT="Judicial Applications" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="B689F44B-2574-4940-AF84-A89E64BC7A86" TEXT="Popup Ads" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="2B5F7D3E-87A3-42E8-BBD5-7B43C54EE96F" TEXT="1-800-Contacts (CA2 2005) adopts TM Use requirement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="4837C50B-8B1F-4CDB-8E66-7395D1CBF8B1" TEXT="Adwords" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="09EE9123-A5F1-4EAB-AEC4-3EAFEFE28C23" TEXT="Facts:" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Adwords.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477074967000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="F3FE2FE8-F253-4ADA-9BF5-6408AF570531" TEXT="Google sells keywords to advertisers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="94BF0864-D9ED-4BC6-8F4E-A904A40648A8" TEXT="when a users employs such a keyword, the advertiser's name, etc., appears as a &quot;sponsored link&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="6D77EA93-926E-43D7-AC59-CABC089E4EC5" TEXT="advertisers are permitted to register as keywords the TMs of their competitors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="7B07A875-E534-43ED-8741-F28F6D8BCA8C" TEXT="US Case Law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="CA714485-B0BF-4FC4-BF9E-B8464766FC5E" TEXT="Longstanding disagreement among District Courts concerning whether &quot;trademark use&quot; doctrine exempts this conduct altogether" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="B16CB077-9DE9-4380-85D2-4721E042FC34" TEXT="Rescue.com  (CA2 2009): it does not" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="53A66B79-395B-4C6D-9C4F-100F08CA7EDE" TEXT="D's conduct satisfies &quot;use in commerce&quot; requirement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="DE90A340-7D38-4359-8CF5-49E47C9F1E36" TEXT="&quot;Google's utilization of Rescuecom's mark fit[] literally within the terms specified by [section 45:] Google uses and sells Rescuecom's mark &quot;in the sale ... of [its advertising] services ... rendered in commerce.'&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="36B6B735-4EA8-4CE6-A430-1D55705D6D01" TEXT="Case-by-case determination of whether it gives rise to consumer confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="74EBEFD9-002B-492D-9987-748F784829DD" TEXT="Meanwhile, Google continues to engage in the practice" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="4DC8D868-1817-4011-BB76-68DFBDF438F4" TEXT="EU Case Law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="0391306D-E35D-44D1-BA73-202EE1B08C94" TEXT="ECJ Decision (March 2010)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="841A5E26-F63B-45B0-829D-8E8E0C93F048" TEXT="1.  P must show that D used P's TM &quot;in the course of trade&quot; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="4D18EB1D-6F2A-48E3-B3FD-AFCC6C0ACCAB" TEXT="a. in the context of direct liability for use of identical signs, this requires only that the use &#x201c;occurs in the context of commercial activity with a view to economic advantage and not as a private matter.&#x201d; (&#xb6;50)." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="CB2CE9AE-BE34-424A-A315-D21E261C86D6" TEXT="the advertisers behavior fits this requirement, even if the use of P's mark is &quot;invisible&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="46D638CF-59FE-4BC0-B8DE-F0F0BB842331" TEXT="b.  But Google's indirect use of the TMs does not satisfy this threshold requirement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="BFB0A052-734A-4F17-83A1-54091C2AC6AB" TEXT="2. To prevail against the advertisers, P must still show that Ds' use had an adverse effect on a &quot;protected function&quot; of the mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="BCF9DF89-6D62-4BA3-B672-E776ABDCE931" TEXT="a. Indication of origin" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="672E7829-0665-42FF-8423-24E09915F3D3" TEXT="left to national courts to decide" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="3F5563A0-DB0A-4360-9103-328DE72EEE9B" TEXT="but ECJ suggests:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="159EA11A-2458-4910-A87B-F24AB5C97819" TEXT="such adverse impact will arise where D's ad suggests economic link between D and P -- or where &quot;normally informed and reasonably attentive internet users are unable to determine, on the basis of the advertising link and the commercial message attached thereto, whether the advertiser is a third party vis-&#xe0;-vis the proprietor of the trade mark or, on the contrary, economically linked to that proprietor&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="5D521F16-20B5-47E4-B485-F377749DCFCF" TEXT="b. &quot;advertising function&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="3FBCF71B-5749-48BA-9BB4-C41D35C3E51A" TEXT="&#x201c;using its mark for advertising purposes designed to inform and persuade consumers.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="FF77745F-9B1F-4467-9120-A39D1743EA29" TEXT="mere use of the ad will not have an adverse impact" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="84131DA5-F662-44D5-BEAF-55454A68E3A7" TEXT="but use of the ad to sell imitations of P's good will likely have an adverse impact" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="B4FE1CCA-BBB0-48BC-8AAE-FBCA89894698" TEXT="3. National courts left to decide whether Google can invoke the safe harbor of Art. 14 of the TM Directive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="C9815545-D2D8-4351-8CCF-1C0B902EF2B6" TEXT="Australia" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1477075019000" MODIFIED="1477075036000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="C6346223-E2ED-4240-A03F-A6944D3DC7C6" TEXT="Google v. ACCC (2013)" LINK="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2013/1.html" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477075036000" MODIFIED="1477075047000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="5BE90E43-A260-4E99-B360-4453C12DF67F" TEXT="&#x201c;In connection with&#x2026;&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1479472812000" MODIFIED="1479472832000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="3CA6E242-2B61-4965-89CE-762AA2CC8DB9" TEXT="Ambit of TM law now roughly coterminous with commercial speech doctrine" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1479472832000" MODIFIED="1479472883000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="39865726-E614-4D01-AE81-AF2E178C1BEA" TEXT="VI. Advertising" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" POSITION="right" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="A46BAFF4-5F6A-4A54-AAD1-EB2A9FCAE36B" TEXT="Trademark Regime" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477075784000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="A35EAB84-FD35-4C75-92BD-76AFDB639485" TEXT="LA 43(a)(1)(B)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1477075786000" MODIFIED="1477075800000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="E1BC82B4-5CC1-4291-B368-C6F1F01E7917" TEXT="(1) &lt;u&gt;Any person who, on or in connection with any goods or services&lt;/u&gt;, or any container for goods, &lt;u&gt;uses in commerce&lt;/u&gt; any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof, or &lt;u&gt;any false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false or misleading representation of fact&lt;/u&gt;, which ...&#10;(B) &lt;u&gt;in commercial advertising or promotion, misrepresents the nature, characteristics, qualities, or geographic origin of his or her or another person&#x2019;s goods, services, or commercial activities&lt;/u&gt;,&#10;shall be liable in a civil action &lt;u&gt;by any person who believes that he or she is or is likely to be damaged by such act.&lt;/u&gt;" LINK="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/1125" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477075819000" MODIFIED="1477075843000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="549A6996-0079-47C3-ABB8-54E11A3536B3" TEXT="Coverage" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="4A55CC38-D31C-403E-BBCA-E3A3B91BA9EC" TEXT="only commercial speech" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="2E5CEF7F-D35A-4965-A3BA-240AA430D469" TEXT="n.a. to consumer reports" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="D9B619FE-5770-4082-8155-A8BEB53ADF0A" TEXT="cf. Bose" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="E36E0929-41C7-480A-8B6D-D32F96BE793C" TEXT="n.a. to innocent dissemination by the media" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="9B082B55-5A87-4838-82BF-C77E799BA272" TEXT="Test (Bolger)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="7D43999B-1861-4831-B49C-AF52E60373BD" TEXT="&#x201c;Strong support&#x201d; for finding that a particular statement is commercial if all three of the following are true:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="54175EC7-48C0-46DA-B117-3070B8714F2E" TEXT="(1) it&#x2019;s an ad;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479417086000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="5F954B3E-6E74-40D9-9F4F-2D8A7075EC25" TEXT="(2) the statement refers to a specific product or service" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479417103000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="37F2CB31-8FFA-4EC9-AE20-8D381AC1D422" TEXT="(3) the speaker has commercial motive " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479417109000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="772DF5D8-319B-477B-B3B7-92D25D6B0506" TEXT="only statements of fact" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="01BCA495-DD1C-4C17-8037-36FCA7AF9993" TEXT="applies to both:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="194E067B-B618-45EE-BFA3-D94E1133AC5A" TEXT="statements about D's product" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="CA28303B-2591-47C3-8B63-BA6FDCA34C16" TEXT="e.g., Mutation Mink Breeders (SDNY 1959):  &#x394; used &#x201c;mink&#x201d; to describe its own imitation fur " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="F284DDB1-BB87-44D9-BD39-5B43CF713A28" TEXT="e.g., Consumers Union (D Conn. 1970):  &#x394; misrepresented the rating it received from Consumers Reports" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="D14F1C28-D8A2-4B33-89B7-8F5A8B911F0D" TEXT="statements about P's products" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="BF093DC4-F0CD-4314-9DE9-D849BEEF0542" TEXT="Originally covered by vague CL tort of disparagement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="C003A710-C923-46BB-9172-C210E2B0EF70" TEXT="Until 1988, not covered by &#xa7;43(a)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="3A69855F-6C23-4048-8F32-B8349E8DC3DC" TEXT="although some courts squirmed around this limitation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="B906B041-1B9D-4F54-920C-5ED45D0132DD" TEXT="1988 amendments have made it actionable -- in commercial advertising or promotion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="88D79A0D-FC35-4DE1-996D-6671D7AE0115" TEXT="not consumer reporting or politics" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="F302EEDE-7A70-4CFF-8A3E-DA3DE6FD5C2A" TEXT="standing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="09277F68-1E21-411C-BC76-CCB0C1BE6249" TEXT="consumers lack standing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477075387000" MODIFIED="1477075393000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="8621CD7C-830A-46DD-96D6-242928C66826" TEXT="direct competitors have standing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477075394000" MODIFIED="1477075405000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="1E7C6CC9-2484-4E69-BCF6-84A0B09AE23D" TEXT="prior to 2014, circuit split concerning how far beyond direct competitors the circle of standing extends" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1477075421000" MODIFIED="1479428843000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="A540D351-DCAA-484D-AB5A-1BBFE47119B6" TEXT="&quot;Categorical approach&quot; (CA7, CA9, CA10)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1477075437000" MODIFIED="1477075451000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="5EF41B49-0BAC-486B-BFA2-BB97911AB50C" TEXT="only actual competitors have standing" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1479428903000" MODIFIED="1479428915000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="19286BC6-5D0B-47F9-AEEF-200918AD9E16" TEXT="AGC test (CA3, CA8, CA11)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1477075452000" MODIFIED="1477075452000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="9769F959-39E9-4A6C-9C86-03A51E194CEF" TEXT="modeled on AGC v. Carpenters (SCt 1983), governing standing in antitrust private actions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477075465000" MODIFIED="1477075465000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="EABF52B9-6609-46D1-9668-3732750D99F1" TEXT="Consider 5 factors:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477075477000" MODIFIED="1477075477000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="2232A57D-170E-4A08-8494-E0715AA134E2" TEXT="(1) nature of P's injury (Is it the sort Congress in Lanham Act sought to address " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477075489000" MODIFIED="1477075489000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="17290508-F722-423F-A2F5-C7B73B682C74" TEXT="(2) directness of asserted injury" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477075499000" MODIFIED="1477075499000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="24878ADF-B6CA-4B53-A76A-5C9B501F93AB" TEXT="(3) P's proximity to alleged wrongful behavior" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477075510000" MODIFIED="1477075510000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="ABC55712-A288-432A-A9AA-E4029AFEFB86" TEXT="(4) speculativeness of damages" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477075521000" MODIFIED="1477075521000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="16771DAA-3DEA-4E99-911A-CCB5485CEED3" TEXT="(5) risk of duplicative damages or complexity in apportioning damages" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477075532000" MODIFIED="1477075532000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="DA94243D-D1A3-4D20-810E-07656DAE0602" TEXT="&quot;Reasonable interest&quot; approach (CA 2, CA6)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1477075544000" MODIFIED="1477075544000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="28246B0F-2A3A-4AB6-96D6-E2255B88777B" TEXT="P must show only:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477075549000" MODIFIED="1477075555000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="8F0234FD-351D-40CF-8386-EF3096FE8F3A" TEXT="(1) P has a reasonable interest in being protected against the alleged false advertising; and" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477075555000" MODIFIED="1477075575000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="4FA186FF-AD9E-4E0D-B4F8-CAC89CB7C955" TEXT="(2) P has a reasonable basis of believing that that interest is likely to be damaged by the alleged false advertising" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477075576000" MODIFIED="1477075576000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="DBCF871E-5ED0-486C-A570-DFD045CF85D2" TEXT="clarified by Lexmark v. Static Controls (2014)" LINK="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/lexmark-international-inc-v-static-control-components-inc/" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1479428852000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="DF92AAF6-1BC0-4381-A85E-FA1510E703E3" TEXT="P has standing to assert a claim under 43(a)(1)(B) if both:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1479428953000" MODIFIED="1479428989000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="EFF4E828-D5F7-47B2-9BD4-DE47A9750B13" TEXT="1. P alleges an injury to a commercial interest in reputation or sales (and thus comes within the &#x201c;zone of interests&#x201d; of the provision" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1479428991000" MODIFIED="1479429128000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="7EB494B5-7AA5-49EF-8518-C310A09210D9" TEXT="2. P&#x2019;s injuries were *proximately caused* by the violation of 43(a)(1)(B)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1479429075000" MODIFIED="1479429131000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="9021E67E-9C2A-4BA4-8922-86CBCE018BB4" TEXT="Rules" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="9C4D657C-6B4B-4C96-8B76-2A94E78C243F" TEXT="False Advertising" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="294495E9-0FBE-4CB2-9924-37A85CCA7FA6" TEXT="P must prove:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="8E7CE067-F6BD-4B14-BBF4-386F927DA244" TEXT="(1) the defendant made a false or misleading description of fact or representation of fact in a commercial advertisement about his own or another's product; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="F1ACEA7B-7470-4F7A-90B8-C46FFE1497BF" TEXT="(2) the misrepresentation is material, in that it is likely to influence the purchasing decision; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="D4814957-0093-4F37-AAA4-B4DB3530AA81" TEXT="e.g., the statement pertains to &quot;an inherent quality or characteristic&quot; of the product" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="F12ACA96-A819-45CD-8582-1447EBC6495B" TEXT="NBA (CA2 1997)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="3198860C-19B8-42C3-B175-AA63511D588D" TEXT="the group whose purchasing decisions are relevant = the group at whom the ad is directed" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="273FD3CE-688D-413B-B7B7-EA7BE0DAB8C8" TEXT="(3) the misrepresentation actually deceives or has the tendency to deceive a substantial segment of its audience; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="D1DDCC20-3A70-4BB0-BFCA-AC431419E855" TEXT="(a) Literally False Statements" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="52375B5B-5D1D-4037-BF7E-84E45A337959" TEXT="Identify claims" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="35623182-8E0B-4A01-AFFD-4F702C9534EA" TEXT="Both explicit" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="CE0FF2F4-FF7B-4E02-A8A6-A7B41F02F877" TEXT="And necessary implications" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="4545568C-B680-41CD-B1FC-15970B46A9EC" TEXT="Throwing Coke can into trash bin labeled, &#x201c;Keep the Arctic Pure&#x201d; implies that Coke is not pure " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="FEE53DAF-9BAF-472D-9130-ADA9BF2A3EA0" TEXT="Not &#x201c;puffery&#x201d; if makes a specific and measurable claim about product superiority " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="9D302E0E-B565-4CD2-A52E-1F318B53AF4C" TEXT="Ascertain whether those claims are false" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="D500EA75-1D01-4512-B65D-8B3AD63720D5" TEXT="If there are two or more meanings of a term (e.g. &#x201c;concentrate&#x201d;), and one is not false, then no falsity " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="23FC4AC5-DABC-4FDA-AC27-0A3923FC333F" TEXT="If false, deception is presumed" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="85EC9D00-EA72-4DC4-A492-28D9C3AB3E6C" TEXT="some courts suggest that it's possible for D to overcome this presumption through proof at trial, but rarely feasible" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="15A01640-CA76-4108-AFAB-78B9AFDBA8E7" TEXT="(b) Misleading Statements" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="A6CF9993-50D3-4F86-9F38-C5D4DDFD363D" TEXT="coverage:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="074EAD1B-DA3D-4F6D-ADB6-0C35BB0DA8D7" TEXT="&quot;advertisement, though explicitly true, nonetheless conveys a misleading message to the viewing public&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="28C1DD04-E1A0-4DD9-8920-EB23CAF19A7C" TEXT="Clorox (CA1)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="6A5F3CB3-9579-4713-8CAF-A4BFDAEC6579" TEXT="To win, P must show either:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="964CB908-B8CC-4FCD-96A4-E0EF38CEA8A2" TEXT="(i) &#x201c;substantial portion of the audience for that statement was misled&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="77086779-72C2-4A28-BFB9-4F3048A7CB5D" TEXT="Usually done by survey" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="F7E63B7F-2687-404E-A37A-EDC1E93F0E28" TEXT="Questions can&#x2019;t be &#x201c;leading&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="2E4DE311-41CC-43CD-B441-B52524D4F0FD" TEXT="(ii) D intentionally set out to mislead consumers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="A23E7F5D-3EC5-49C4-AD2F-F836011D5D26" TEXT="D &quot;acted willfully with intent to deceive or bad faith&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="EE479BB6-3733-48CE-97C5-155CF748B853" TEXT="(c) Puffery" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="075BEED2-CD17-42D1-9B1B-9B1C15546649" TEXT="&quot;exaggerated advertising, blustering, and boasting upon which no reasonable buyer would rely&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="7CE09D76-D5FC-4039-889E-6EC02CF2DF38" TEXT="Southland (CA9 1997)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="86A386C1-F128-4724-8A41-13387B2DA6CC" TEXT="(4) the defendant placed the false or misleading statement in interstate commerce; and " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="28DED87E-4965-4247-B30C-552B3C68D27B" TEXT="(5) Causation -- i.e., the plaintiff has been or is likely to be injured as a result of the misrepresentation, either by direct diversion of sales or by a lessening of goodwill associated with its products." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="D7C95233-910C-412E-BA92-539890BE3B54" TEXT="only necessary to recover damages; for injunctive deception of the public is sufficient" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="A83895E8-45C2-4C88-9AEB-26647ED16588" TEXT="Comparative Advertising" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="3A0145EB-ADBC-4150-B36A-A96BB9B11A2A" TEXT="US" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="17BB7EB9-078E-4464-B84D-13881BC01957" TEXT="Comparative Ads are OK if truthful" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="31E7103A-4ABC-4358-A3A9-8BD9CBFEB3E0" TEXT="OK to refer to someone&#x2019;s TM in an ad, indicating that your product is as good or better, so long as: " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="60802F61-7B32-4157-A98C-9F412834720D" TEXT="No misrepresentations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="127186D7-0D05-4FC0-A790-759171BB2A63" TEXT="No R likelihood of consumer confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="C082C75D-9306-457C-AE6F-0E97D4F7257B" TEXT="Refinements" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="4EE5B38D-E492-468B-8576-FE8DCD542209" TEXT="the fact that &#x201c;ignorant or inattentive&#x201d; consumers misunderstand is not fatal" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="3F2362F7-112C-416C-9B09-38689E0B045A" TEXT="August Stork v. Nabisco (CA7 1995), Easterbrook" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="3171AB19-BF3A-4FC8-8207-17E5B472FDF8" TEXT="&quot;Tests prove&quot; claims are subject to greater scrutiny" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="60C9DA9E-87F9-419B-8D9F-0AC484883518" TEXT="If D merely assert's that D's product is better than P's, to prevail P must prove that the claim is &quot;actually false,&quot; not merely unproven" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="C3792414-D7BD-4A2A-B017-6364935D8659" TEXT="If D asserts that &quot;tests prove&quot; D's product is better, to prevail P need only prove that the tests at issue were inadequate to support the claim" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="2C876DC6-4EC4-4310-BEE9-04EAAF54D615" TEXT="Rhone-Poulenc (CA8 1996)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="80C19CA5-2A69-4FB4-A77E-0E3AEA812556" TEXT="EU" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="18A34B5E-0EB4-4A79-B058-5120AE0D47EE" TEXT="Comparative Advertising Directive (97/55/EC), Art. 3a(1)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="6872CD81-B6E3-48D5-B742-835BEA587F38" TEXT="Comparative advertising is permitted if the following conditions are met:&#10; (a) it is not misleading;&#10; (b) it compares goods or services meeting the same needs or intended for the same purpose;&#10; (c) it objectively compares one or more material, relevant, verifiable and representative features of those goods or services, which may include price;&#10; (d) it does not create confusion in the market place between the advertiser and a competitor;&#10; (e) it does not discredit or denigrate the trade marks, trade names or other distinguishing signs of a competitor;&#10; (f) for products with designation of origin, it relates to products with the same designation;&#10; (g) it does not take unfair advantage of the trade mark or other distinguishing sign of a competitor;&#10; (h) it does not present goods or services as imitations or replicas of goods or services bearing a protected trade mark or trade name." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="2D431902-24EE-4E3B-988C-856FD3639AEC" TEXT="Trade Mark Directive, Art. 5" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="7706DD61-4F89-453C-82B2-5026489622D8" TEXT="(1) ... The proprietor [of a registered trade mark] shall be entitled to prevent all third parties not having his consent from using in the course of trade: (a) any sign which is identical with the trade mark in relation to goods or services which are identical with those for which the trade mark is registered ... " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="82AB7E10-4A58-4E91-B6F5-338EA4F3952E" TEXT="(2) Any member state may also provide that the proprietor shall be entitled to prevent all third parties not having his consent from using in the course of trade any sign which is identical with, or similar to, the trade mark ... where the latter has a reputation in the member state and where use of that sign without due cause takes unfair advantage of, or is detrimental to, the distinctive character or the repute of the trade mark ...&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="60FFE60E-4EED-45B4-8DD6-42533F32ACE2" TEXT="L'Oreal v. Bellure (ECJ 2009) (Case C-487/07)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="3B068CFB-75A2-462F-A63F-CD69E3899255" TEXT="Facts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="247DF26E-04E5-4C82-A3E3-DA7CBA0F43B8" TEXT="D manufactured &quot;smell-alike&quot; perfumes" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="C470ED83-8D4E-4066-B1A1-865580FA1717" TEXT="D chose names and packaging that conveyed resemblance to famous perfumes" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="54ADA1FE-D5D1-4E60-96CC-6956490EA0E6" TEXT="D distributed to dealers a chart that showed exactly which famous perfumes D's perfumes imitated" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="E0BC244C-1C72-4BF3-A817-DEF1B7EB00AA" TEXT="The typical kinds of TM injury were not present" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="94347375-6B0F-43A9-9554-868368D447E4" TEXT="consumers were not confused as to source" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="1C214D46-16B7-425A-8A63-E1A8F29B11C2" TEXT="Plaintiffs' marks were not diluted" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="7E5497AE-F032-40F6-8A26-1B90596450E0" TEXT="i.e., no injury to distinctiveness or repute" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="638BE4FF-E90F-4F24-B690-739A1D9834CF" TEXT="Nevertheless, comparative advertising of this sort was held unlawful" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="A7B7351D-8561-4A84-9D9D-927CBE5E8B66" TEXT="violates TMD Art. 5(2)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="C427DC12-8992-4DB2-918A-47BE4F59BBE4" TEXT="Free-riding is sufficient" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="E4B41747-D3E3-47B6-953D-975DEC7C23E9" TEXT="&quot;The advantage arising from the use by a third party of a sign similar to a mark with a reputation was an advantage taken unfairly by that third party of the distinctive character or the repute of that mark where that party sought by that use to ride on the coat-tails of the mark with a reputation in order to benefit from the power of attraction, the reputation and the prestige of that mark and to exploit, without paying any financial compensation, the marketing effort expended by the proprietor of the mark in order to create and maintain the mark&#x2019;s image.&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="2633E2AA-244C-4F3C-8E8E-DFCDCC664978" TEXT="violates TMD Art. 5(1)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="0BC748C7-570C-4693-940C-98F9191E7EAF" TEXT="the &quot;functions&quot; of the mark protected by 5(1) go beyond source identification" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="DF2EEC0B-D8DE-44F1-919E-CFB7DD95E2BB" TEXT="include &quot;other functions, in particular that of guaranteeing the quality of the goods or services in question and those of communication, investment or advertising&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="8A40E6A6-211A-4016-B534-9FA1208AD962" TEXT="violates CAD Art. 3a(1)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="4F5A78C5-309C-41C7-9809-964A1C7DEF1D" TEXT="presenting oneself as an imitation or replica" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="12A6CAAA-FAD9-4F5A-8262-0784E75D0288" TEXT="taking unfair advantage" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="7DB555E1-7169-4481-9819-DF4B97C00123" TEXT="Nontrademark Regimes" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="A393C831-3466-4F1F-84E8-891A0E5A1160" TEXT="Federal Trade Commission" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="9D8D1B09-A4C5-455F-A37A-A6B9CBF64F3D" TEXT="FTC interprets and enforces Section 5 of FTA Act, which prohibits &quot;false and deceptive&quot; ads" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="D2A706C9-893F-45CA-A0E0-37467CCB429C" TEXT="New Rules Concerning Endorsements and Testimonials" LINK="https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2009/10/ftc-publishes-final-guides-governing-endorsements-testimonials" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477076270000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="8E13395B-30D1-45AE-81CE-12939B2C0D2C" TEXT="(a) representative results" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="FC5AC48B-73F7-4377-BB33-8A5C266E3E34" TEXT="under old rules, advertisers could report atypical consumer experiences, provided they were accompanied by a disclaimer" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="142887B5-1FB0-460E-B9AF-672E92468709" TEXT="e.g., &quot;results not typical&quot;" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Ads.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477075910000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="E5EFA2D1-4796-43FF-A09F-62518B3CB20C" TEXT="new rules:  advertisers must disclose the experience that consumers generally can expect" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="BB69D2A7-0FF6-4120-A116-93F2E8C93164" TEXT="(b) affiliations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="7C8FD3F4-1315-47E2-A5DE-EAAF24868DB8" TEXT="nonobvious affiliations between advertisers and endorsers or testing agencies must be disclosed" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="85DF7375-93C8-4992-80ED-42A34E0469DE" TEXT="applies to celebrities, bloggers, social media, etc." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="A587DA14-7FBF-4066-8DE4-99DEFC640391" TEXT="FTC's explanation (text)" LINK="https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/ftcs-endorsement-guides-what-people-are-asking" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477075935000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="0AFAF43A-9F8F-4F75-AD04-E062C374273B" TEXT="penalties" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1477076024000" MODIFIED="1477076029000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="74544669-EAD2-44DC-A3E3-567CE7AAA95D" TEXT="The guides are not regulations, and thus violations of them do not automatically give rise to civil or criminal penalties" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076050000" MODIFIED="1477076050000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="C18738E7-3DCA-4DE9-86F7-F57A6837A2D0" TEXT="However, if advertisers violate them, FTC may investigate to determine if the practice is unfair or deceptive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076063000" MODIFIED="1477076063000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="0A195DA4-0565-4732-AC24-60C33F1ABDE2" TEXT="early investigation of Ann Taylor (2010) resulted in no sanction" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076074000" MODIFIED="1477076074000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="0FCE0E7C-C4A6-41BA-A393-98F8609F86EE" TEXT="but subsequent investigation of In re Legacy Learning Systems (2011) resulted in settlement of $250K" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076085000" MODIFIED="1477076085000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="081C2533-CF9F-4661-9900-5B4BD8A0E68E" TEXT="FTC appears not to be pursuing individual bloggers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076101000" MODIFIED="1477076101000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="D9B0182F-E796-4070-9B6F-2F3FA0073D52" TEXT="Richard Cleland, Asst. Director of FTC Advertising Division:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076113000" MODIFIED="1477076113000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="C2C7BE40-CBFC-42B0-AB78-939FF38C1433" TEXT="&quot;That $11,000 fine is not true. Worst-case scenario, someone receives a warning, refuses to comply, followed by a serious product defect; we would institute a proceeding with a cease-and-desist order and mandate compliance with the law. To the extent that I have seen and heard, people are not objecting to the disclosure requirements but to the fear of penalty if they inadvertently make a mistake. That's the thing I don't think people need to be concerned about. There's no monetary penalty, in terms of the first violation, even in the worst case. Our approach is going to be educational, particularly with bloggers. We're focusing on the advertisers: What kind of education are you providing them, are you monitoring the bloggers and whether what they're saying is true?&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076121000" MODIFIED="1477076121000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="251FB186-3A6E-4CF1-98E0-4774A7A7048B" TEXT="gaps" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1477076031000" MODIFIED="1477076038000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="DB3BA7DB-D628-4F08-9CC1-788D8956D103" TEXT="automated &quot;likes&quot; and &quot;don't likes&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076137000" MODIFIED="1477076137000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="E97136A6-8BE6-4703-B39E-5F9F07E56BE3" TEXT="zombie &quot;followers&quot; on Facebook and Twitter" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076146000" MODIFIED="1477076146000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="6D6DCCDD-F8C5-4E00-B429-6BCE1F44BD72" TEXT="faux viral recommendations of YouTube-based ads" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076155000" MODIFIED="1477076155000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="52470758-E539-4C11-AA86-64D4BF585BE3" TEXT="paid negative reviews of competitors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076164000" MODIFIED="1477076164000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="6DEE9CB5-2BDD-4194-BBF0-4C6BD4653649" TEXT="&quot;gag&quot; consumer contracts" LINK="http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/11/patient-sues-dentist-over-gag-order-causing-medical-justice-to-drop-it/" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076174000" MODIFIED="1477076193000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="D6BF8DB9-EC34-4AA3-944F-FDD4952A42B6" TEXT="celebrity endorsements" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076204000" MODIFIED="1477076204000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="34EC1629-4298-4B7F-85F1-8D6869CE6746" TEXT="traditional media" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076212000" MODIFIED="1477076212000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="79BE8F2B-E46D-4D8A-A503-34ED16D3D204" TEXT="e.g., restaurant reviews" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076216000" MODIFIED="1477076227000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="45F0CB11-279A-44B2-A799-FABFAB68BEB9" TEXT="State Statutes" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="3A4FCE91-EC6C-41AC-B644-90A441379C39" TEXT="e.g., Massachusetts, 93A" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="11EB3AD2-3A02-4896-BD33-68EE056B59BC" TEXT="prohibits unfair and deceptive trade practices" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="CF240A17-DE77-4C3A-A435-00E0AAC8550A" TEXT="construed to cover any material statement that has the capacity or tendency to deceive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="8D37144F-D0C4-4555-8DFC-AA5A6C250083" TEXT="also covers nondisclosure of material information" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="A4A2A936-BA08-498F-ABD7-B6B1FD7EC4B5" TEXT="remedies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="D9C89B26-6A4B-47B4-BCB2-0BE3BC04B2DE" TEXT="consumers can recover actual damages or $25" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="9B61ABF4-014B-4000-B45C-6A8E87BD6427" TEXT="if the offense was willful, consumer can recover enhanced damages, costs, and atty fees" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="913DAD2D-C63C-43F4-ACCD-630650F3DAA9" TEXT="e.g., Florida Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices Act" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="156BCE63-E9F4-47DA-A01A-C0E05A9FC123" TEXT="Used by Fla. Atty Gen to pursue Merck for false advertising of Vioxx" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="4370CD3A-9F8C-4539-A34C-CE2C2DFC54DA" TEXT="e.g., California" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1477076320000" MODIFIED="1477076329000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="01702970-94EA-4558-9BB1-8A261C949ACA" TEXT="Unfair competition law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1477076331000" MODIFIED="1477076337000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="2E94AFD1-372C-4A17-B2EE-830BEC1FA305" TEXT="provides private cause of action for any &quot;unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice&quot;  Cal. Bus. &amp; Prof. Code 17200" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076350000" MODIFIED="1477076350000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="34997D19-BAFC-4E4E-BA32-0FEF262FB5BC" TEXT="Consumer Legal Remedies Act" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1477076360000" MODIFIED="1477076360000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="1CC0D9F4-3DF5-4BB9-81A5-AA65B7BCA7C5" TEXT="forbids &quot;unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices&quot;  Cal Civil Code 1770" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076370000" MODIFIED="1477076370000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="72A63382-F8D8-4478-9FB2-F59E35AB82BD" TEXT="applied:  Pelayo (2013)" LINK="https://wlflegalpulse.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/049-pelayo-order-re-motion-to-dismiss.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076410000" MODIFIED="1477076430000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="0CB6729A-9AF7-4171-8A1F-7A60701C53DF" TEXT="Council of Better Business Bureaus" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="F06F5982-23AE-4347-96CC-AA97275AB22C" TEXT="Advertising Self-Regulatory Council" LINK="http://www.asrcreviews.org" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076471000" MODIFIED="1477076521000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="4766A599-0649-4B71-A8E2-1174817DB7E6" TEXT="Children's Advertising Review Unit" LINK="http://www.caru.org/guidelines/guidelines.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076484000" MODIFIED="1477076537000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="B4FF51AA-32A5-46F1-98CB-D19F071D77EE" TEXT="Appeals to National Advertising Review Board" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076493000" MODIFIED="1477076493000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="95EB7013-D224-4957-90F2-B59E6103DEF6" TEXT="Interlock with FTC Enforcement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1477076503000" MODIFIED="1477076503000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="FDFB1DD8-2D63-40B4-94FA-59CB77EAB2EF" TEXT="VII. Remedies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" POSITION="right" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="566529DB-E0F5-42B6-89C1-7E6CCE378AE8" TEXT="LA 35(a)" LINK="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/1117" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477076595000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="754EE704-B697-46A7-AC28-6DDA42C86913" TEXT="When a violation of any right of the registrant of a mark registered in the Patent and Trademark Office, a violation under section 43(a) or (d), or a willful violation under section 43(c), shall have been established in any civil action arising under this Act, the plaintiff shall be entitled, subject to the provisions of sections 29 and 32, and subject to the principles of equity, to recover:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="2E86C436-01AF-4180-986A-DF2441E7D35D" TEXT="(1) defendant's profits," STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="25035302-F99B-4BE3-8483-A5340D44C393" TEXT="(2) any damages sustained by the plaintiff, and " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="742E424D-56AB-41FB-AC37-E118BE6F3A4E" TEXT="(3) the costs of the action." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="B3F87D3B-4DE0-400C-A064-4BF9D871078B" TEXT="The court shall assess such profits and damages or cause the same to be assessed under its direction. " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480591187000" MODIFIED="1480591195000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="B034E4B2-30A1-41EA-BE1C-4C5F297C3886" TEXT="In assessing **profits** the plaintiff shall be required to prove defendant's sales only; defendant must prove all elements of cost or deduction claimed. " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480591200000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="60503C74-830D-415F-8CE4-18BAC5412E76" TEXT="If the court shall find that the amount of the recovery based on profits is either inadequate or excessive the court may in its discretion enter judgment for such sum as the court shall find to be just, according to the circumstances of the case. " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="014A8164-1B04-48E5-B898-0A6EC17B9F65" TEXT="Such sum in either of the above circumstances shall constitute compensation and not a penalty." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="0AA23247-90F7-4268-8424-C06FACF8791A" TEXT="In assessing **damages** the court may enter judgment, according to the circumstances of the case, for any sum above the amount found as actual damages, not exceeding three times such amount. " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480591208000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="F4C09B6B-6F7E-419E-9625-564D8ED20F56" TEXT="The court in exceptional cases may award reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="6F8C743D-7007-4EAC-9771-EEB80903BD35" TEXT="Damages" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="7727C55A-FF1B-4160-B1E3-4916419E737D" TEXT="Available for:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="959AD7E8-4540-44CA-AACD-7DFC3A5B1FF8" TEXT="32(1)(a) &#x2013; registered marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="840A84C6-8A91-41FD-A0A9-671B94252AD6" TEXT="provided that D had actual or statutory notice" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="088EDAA5-2148-4A07-B4C3-9007203CA776" TEXT="statutory notice created by marking goods with &#xae;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="C5E2A150-2A46-485B-A600-FAA4D061E59B" TEXT="43(a) &#x2013; unregistered marks and false advertising" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="FE627F02-2F1B-49F1-AC0A-D24559135143" TEXT="&lt;u&gt;willful&lt;/u&gt; violations of 43(c) -- dilution" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480510067000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="F188FF74-566B-41D3-B44C-D82074618FC1" TEXT="LA 43(c)(5)(B): &#x201c;in a claim arising under this subsection&#x2014;(i) by reason of dilution by blurring, the person against whom the injunction is sought willfully intended to trade on the recognition of the famous mark; or (ii) by reason of dilution by tarnishment, the person against whom the injunction is sought willfully intended to harm the reputation of the famous mark.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480509995000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="1251B694-E06D-4D74-9445-7CFFB5C6766E" TEXT="43(d) &#x2013; cybersquatting" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480591315000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="44E1464B-2C94-44DD-AEE4-702187A6C716" TEXT="Forms" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="C173E7C7-948D-450E-9F29-5FC520CEAD5A" TEXT="Plaintiff's Damages" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="F6E1F14F-C389-45F3-B24C-06D4434EEACD" TEXT="General principle:  compensate plaintiff for all reasonably foreseeable harms caused by the defendant&#x2019;s wrong" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1480510170000" MODIFIED="1480510213000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="C1766F64-5867-476B-B9A1-ABF6DEE96179" TEXT="If the infringement was intentional, courts will accept &#x201c;crude&#x201d; measures of damages based upon reasonable inferences (Intel 1993)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480510593000" MODIFIED="1480510725000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="5C338829-E00A-4422-B23E-71E02C536FFB" TEXT="a. Plaintiff&#x2019;s lost profits" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480591664000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="6A23D76B-DDE3-4B5B-BCA6-1DE9B3073DC9" TEXT="profits that would have been made on lost sales" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480591578000" MODIFIED="1480591614000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="8FD25DA9-4310-43E8-807F-031D29AA18A3" TEXT="&#x201c;Head start&#x201d; theory of Taco Cabana:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="A6E5D149-2778-4646-A125-AB7AA04D7CF9" TEXT="D&#x2019;s misconduct delayed P&#x2019;s entry into Houston market" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="1AD010B2-3B9D-403C-A131-25DFB9EE4197" TEXT="b. Damage to good will" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480591668000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="4C2C166A-7F7D-48FE-828B-6E578EA3A5C2" TEXT="appropriate to consider the amount P had spent on building its reputation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480510729000" MODIFIED="1480510923000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="5E889446-798A-4D3F-A8FB-0F00EA308872" TEXT="c. Cost of corrective advertising" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480591673000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="F94A2F58-64AB-4910-8DDB-137792CFA65A" TEXT="Some courts dispense of requirement to show actual confusion by consumers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="EEA0B567-7D45-464B-8261-2BE4BF4F02E7" TEXT="In calculating the amount, Big O Tire (CA 10 1977) relies on FTC rule that companies who engage in misleading advertising have to spend 25% of the amount they spent on the misleading ads on corrective ads" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="C19A1A80-7B2B-49CF-939F-C5FC5A7FAB55" TEXT="Defendant's Profits" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="A8840DC2-F487-42DF-9BD9-8EE2344FB1FD" TEXT="Procedure:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="43168BB9-2FAB-4283-9C83-739C1BFF84F0" TEXT="P need only prove D&#x2019;s gross revenue during the period" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480687058000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="3343A62D-3A69-4DB4-8DEC-881CD55D417E" TEXT="But sometimes courts in false advertising case will require P to prove causation:  that D&#x2019;s revenues resulted from false statements" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480687071000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="849C247A-4CD1-4F60-BC88-C088C493DCC7" TEXT="D then has burden of showing which revenues were not attributable to D&#x2019;s infringing conduct and the costs that should be deducted" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480687112000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="72D19601-F45E-45FD-800A-EC74439EFE0A" TEXT="willfulness unnecessary except for dilution" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="CE7CD7D4-E6ED-4CDC-B8C5-475EE9AECAE0" TEXT="Until 1999, courts construed to require showing of willfulness or bad faith" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="85995DFA-CF93-47A8-B5C2-E9B8499213D3" TEXT="Amendment of 35(a) in 1999 to add damages for &#x201c;willful&quot; violations of 43(c) has prompted most courts to conclude that willfulness is no longer necessary for other provisions of 43" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480592002000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="2BDFF722-4922-426A-8BBB-821A0EA85F09" TEXT="Damage awards are &#x201c;subject to principles of equity&#x201d; &#x2013; 35(a).  Relevant factors:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="D9ACBC55-1D75-46BB-9E5A-9E4389390459" TEXT="(1)  intent to confuse or deceive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478887493000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="F548B17F-450C-4872-A255-B183651C7CA5" TEXT="(willfulness as a &quot;factor&quot;)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="8E07BC7C-1A58-4ECE-87DD-97CA59A0AA8A" TEXT="(2) whether sales were diverted" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478887504000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="2CC28141-3CAA-44C7-AF03-9D7489E55F9C" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480605662000" MODIFIED="1480605662000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="69D33EAD-60F0-4EC2-9E89-DB15B6F3C2E1" TEXT="(3) adequacy of other remedies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478887509000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="48C241A9-F66C-4B05-9B80-49AE1D7D9851" TEXT="(4) unreasonable delay by P" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478887516000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="8CB434C4-A0C5-410E-BF1D-8192D6ECFFD1" TEXT="(laches as a &quot;factor&quot;)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="21A02889-E518-47E0-9975-FD57892D6A2D" TEXT="(5) public interest in making conduct unprofitable" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478887521000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="05F6A23E-1B06-4DEA-95A5-8762FDEC4DCC" TEXT="(6) whether there was &#x201c;palming off&#x201d; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1478887527000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="797B3C5D-EE59-4ACD-8100-F237AC1B8F55" TEXT="Enhanced Damages" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="77F17E9E-F930-4EBB-A83A-4018220C5577" TEXT="35(a) gives court discretion to increase, up to treble" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="FA1D8E34-3445-4F09-A372-24E8C8CF55FE" TEXT="usually limited to willfulness" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="A6F2D859-173F-4DC0-802D-20B438D45ADC" TEXT="lots of discretion, but overall goal must be compensatory, not punitive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="52440A9C-5358-4207-A561-26DEC76CB2D6" TEXT="use to provide proper redress to otherwise undercompensated P, particularly where imprecision in actual damages is D&#x2019;s fault" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="0CD31F70-F281-44AA-AA13-DA3BCF1DC664" TEXT="35(b), governing intentional use of a mark, knowing it to be counterfeit, requires imposition of treble damages or profits + atty fees" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="13CB3F32-F531-461E-A261-4AC1CBE75A04" TEXT="no punitive damages under LA, but punitive damages are available in some states" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480592202000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="10ECB73F-23BD-448D-BA05-FC6166EBE2B9" TEXT="Attorney Fees" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="A898C5B2-0DA8-400D-A32C-16908E6FB7BD" TEXT="Available in &#x201c;exceptional cases&#x201d;:  " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="65B2D621-1976-4184-9C9E-ACCF10809E6A" TEXT="Wide range of variables considered by courts " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="52DF7EFD-ECA2-47FD-BCB9-237A9E323C0C" TEXT="malicious," STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="F283DD15-FF86-4B40-9762-D87B6F946D78" TEXT=" fraudulent, " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="86813CD5-9C67-4D8B-8E03-67100B42CE9D" TEXT="deliberate, " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="4546918B-AB57-4637-BD89-5D0F27AB55D0" TEXT="willful" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="ACE3B1EF-A89F-4943-92E1-A193BB2C885E" TEXT="bad faith, " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="E6AD2EA5-C916-4BE2-8720-B5A2678F26B8" TEXT="vexatious litigation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="48D86715-8DF8-4123-8497-612BD15B1905" TEXT="litigation misconduct" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="392FE0B8-FDDF-4C5C-957A-69CAB1549CC3" TEXT="Many courts apply lower standard to defendants than to plaintiffs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="A1BA68D8-15A2-4C3A-A10D-C518F695AD48" TEXT="Judge Posner recently tried to clarify the doctrine in Nightingale (2010)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="027C99B7-4ABB-4481-A88D-C0E50FDFA64F" TEXT="We conclude that a case under the Lanham Act is &quot;exceptional,&quot; in the sense of warranting an award of reasonable attorneys' fees to the winning party, if the losing party was the plaintiff and was guilty of abuse of process in suing, or if the losing party was the defendant and had no defense yet persisted in the trademark infringement or false advertising for which he was being sued, in order to impose costs on his opponent." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="C24083E6-58F4-49A3-A9FD-3825836452DE" TEXT="Statutory Damages" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="7C996D24-F858-4D96-9745-547AB73CB42C" TEXT="If D has used *counterfeit* mark, P can elect" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480593811000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="DD3CEDAA-4581-45CA-AE67-B4E4C5DF53FC" TEXT="&#x201c;A &quot;counterfeit&quot; is a spurious mark which is identical with, or substantially indistinguishable from, a registered mark.&#x201d; section 45" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480593813000" MODIFIED="1480593834000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="8B378888-ADD3-454D-A001-CFAC07C5CB10" TEXT="amount:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1480593841000" MODIFIED="1480593848000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="D18002EC-95A4-4E6F-86B5-120CCF4EF4ED" TEXT="$1000-$200K per mark per type of good" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="3E129D79-6C02-4A3D-9C4A-968E08F09EB3" TEXT="up to $2M if willful" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="F3B547F9-E954-4794-86CE-D9FE9462E27E" TEXT="rationale:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1480594000000" MODIFIED="1480594008000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="0EE9EB70-3336-4DCF-94A7-58693A702ECB" TEXT="&#x201c;counterfeiters&#x2019; records are frequently &#x201c;nonexistent, inadequate, or deceptively kept[,] . . . making proving actual damages in these cases extremely difficult if not impossible.&#x201d; S. Rep. No. 104-177, at 10 (1995)." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480594011000" MODIFIED="1480594031000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="FF39F3C2-E438-47B1-AD36-CAA830B58A25" TEXT="circuit split on whether election of statutory damages is compatible with recovery of attorneys fees" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480593331000" MODIFIED="1480593610000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="0EF8EDF7-9F34-46C8-887D-107FD0E29E50" TEXT="For cybersquatting, $1000-$100K per domain name" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="FC358D4B-3859-4557-88A9-D1AB45397C11" TEXT="Injunctions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="83F0BE65-D411-4411-BBF4-9ACA3B15CC5F" TEXT="Forms" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="4F802CCB-1C01-4303-9166-F68771CFD0B2" TEXT="Simple Cease &amp; Desist" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="32306AF6-1F82-4128-B461-53F7D53EC3CC" TEXT="Tailored Injunctions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="DA991C53-6014-4016-A438-E3DE949D36E5" TEXT="principle:  an injunction should be &#x201c;narrowly tailored to fit specific legal violations&quot; and that a court &quot;should not impose unnecessary burdens on lawful activity.&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1480679838000" MODIFIED="1480679933000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="2C01E3B4-B5EC-4DEA-B2D3-9E0EF093F67A" TEXT="qualification:  trend toward less &#x201c;tailored&#x201d; injunctions to accommodate increasingly expansive reach of Internet-based businesses" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1480679933000" MODIFIED="1480680031000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="CF54F064-C7C4-406B-8917-AFFB2444C077" TEXT="&#x201c;It does not follow from [the general principle] that a senior user who has proven entitlement to an injunction affecting one geographic area by reason of the junior user's infringement must show the same high degree of probability of harm in every further area into which the injunction might extend, thus allowing the infringer free use of the infringing mark in all areas as to which the senior user has not shown a substantial probability of confusion. &quot;[A] party who has once infringed a trademark may be required to suffer a position less advantageous than that of an innocent party . . . and a court can frame an injunction which will keep a proven infringer safely away from the perimeter of future infringement.&#x201d;  Guthrie (CA2 2016)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480680036000" MODIFIED="1480680233000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="7389059D-C264-4B31-A56C-2559C2F79709" TEXT="If both parties have plausible equitable claims, courts will try for compromise" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="1B275F2F-BB2B-4265-9A4B-D4BB754DC98A" TEXT="e.g., Thermos case:  can use term &#x201c;thermos,&#x201d; because now generic, but can&#x2019;t capitalize T, or indicate &#x201c;original&#x201d; thermos" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="C4EA2850-9740-4310-9F50-8606C56B4CB7" TEXT="Disclaimers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="83EC6C5C-FB29-43B7-B0B1-B00FAC52E0AB" TEXT="Courts sometimes rule that disclaimers are necessary and sufficient to prevent confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="2FFADD88-A399-4B2C-978D-6B4D1277F517" TEXT="Wide range of views" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="FE1522FA-7E78-4A52-96CC-4ADE27A212C9" TEXT="Growing academic literature casting doubt on effectiveness of disclaimers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="CE9E134D-9DE1-4583-A1C8-9C1A1816A53B" TEXT="Jacoby &amp; Raskopf (1986);" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="DF21B4DF-F7BD-433D-9A1A-ACCD4B773C7D" TEXT="Radin (1986)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="3DA53F9B-298A-4CD1-8261-767FAAE8E84E" TEXT="Second Circuit, influenced by this literature, has imposed on defendants the burden of showing disclaimers will work, at least where the likelihood of confusion is substantial" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1480684365000" MODIFIED="1480684427000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="EF7F34F1-9A2C-4EC6-BE75-C07CED96856B" TEXT="HBO v. Showtime (CA2 1987), crediting this literature, finds insufficient proof by Showtime that disclaimer would avoid misimpression of association with HBO " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="E5F8301B-050C-4582-9BE0-33152B65760B" TEXT="But Soltex (CA2 1987) finds disclaimer adequate in light of general good faith by D and fact that Polaroid factors tilt only &#x201c;minimally or moderately&#x201d; toward P  " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="119FF96C-220B-41CC-B189-D0E56D118E1B" TEXT="CA9 and CA10 have followed CA2" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480684433000" MODIFIED="1480684523000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="77AF85C6-3C53-4AA5-A3C5-898930C39A62" TEXT="Destruction" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="CCABA0AD-331E-4419-9C7D-5DB71800F205" TEXT="For violation of 32 or 43(a) or willful violation of 43(c), court may order seizure and destruction of all offending materials in D&#x2019;s possession" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480335083000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="2EB87C18-57BA-4590-A6BA-9AC5F213F578" TEXT="Confiscation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="563B39BB-B798-4F99-BFDA-0D14FB558A32" TEXT="34(d) authorizes ex parte seizure of all goods bearing counterfeit marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="152023C1-1B3B-4B5B-BB40-2A6F46EC3032" TEXT="Standard for Issuance" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="6A58A771-569F-4A63-AAB7-9D37F4637246" TEXT="Traditional Approach" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="3E172377-5DAD-4CE3-B898-B2D3ED4567F1" TEXT="To obtain a preliminary injunction, P must prove either:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="BC5758C6-5251-43E7-AD54-FE1AE1BA2793" TEXT="(a) likelihood of success on merits + possibility of irreparable injury " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="E172B710-1C79-4E9D-877B-BF79EAAD1F01" TEXT="Once likelihood of confusion in proven, ordinarily presumed that P will suffer irreparable harm" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="1EF68B84-9DB7-4BB2-B446-F1DF9B7D7AF0" TEXT="(b) serious questions concerning the merits have been raised + balance of hardships and public interest favor P " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="8117EDD7-D49C-4D20-BD6F-7F622FEF98DD" TEXT="In both cases, sliding scale (more of one, less you need of the other)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="9F3A36C0-062A-48EF-B7C6-E544230F9CC6" TEXT="Impact of eBay decision (in context of patent law)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="99F88E28-6AB3-42C2-862E-096DC7100CEC" TEXT="Ebay (2006)" LINK="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/05pdf/05-130.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477076680000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="C873DB3D-461F-44E5-A0BE-17B4CC01DF55" TEXT="facts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="9DE33A0E-3E79-4718-9C6A-3789F7295AA0" TEXT="patent 5,845,265" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="D7CC9474-BE4A-4323-AF4E-8C66DE1467CA" TEXT="Abstract:  A method and apparatus for creating a computerized market for used and collectible goods by use of a plurality of low cost posting terminals and a market maker computer in a legal framework that establishes a bailee relationship and consignment contract with a purchaser of a good at the market maker computer that allows the purchaser to change the price of the good once the purchaser has purchased the good thereby to allow the purchaser to speculate on the price of collectibles in an electronic market for used goods while assuring the safe and trusted physical possession of a good with a vetted bailee." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="A15E162F-117A-42CA-B6BF-006C28FD1C4A" TEXT="full patent" LINK="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&amp;Sect2=HITOFF&amp;d=PALL&amp;p=1&amp;u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&amp;r=1&amp;f=G&amp;l=50&amp;s1=5845265.PN.&amp;OS=PN/5845265&amp;RS=PN/5845265" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1477076694000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="4D2C0AB7-EC6C-42BE-9BCA-F93B64F52360" TEXT="holding" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="0B1B41CF-5BA0-4E9E-BB99-BDBA0FBFD865" TEXT="trial courts should apply standard rules of equity in determining whether to grant injunctions in patent cases" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480684636000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="5D8DFC90-0FA7-42D0-AF07-75EBD38E70E8" TEXT="(a) the plaintiff has suffered an irreparable injury; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="8FBA54F6-BE97-4B07-BD00-B904DCF9C490" TEXT="(b) monetary damages are inadequate to compensate for that injury; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="D13100AD-A511-4348-AFC9-D8831C12EE92" TEXT="(c) the balance of hardships favors the plaintiff; and " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="4D23FCB6-452F-457A-8A5A-BAA19AC8DB25" TEXT="(d) the public interest would not be disserved by a permanent injunction" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="50348DBA-B8C5-47AF-AF97-D1C2CA00715A" TEXT="concurrences" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="1A79E8A8-3B3A-4568-8760-AD0484925FA5" TEXT="Roberts, Scalia, Ginsburg" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="FB76B26B-0132-4945-B3C4-8DE696FABD02" TEXT="exercise of discretion should take into account that injunctions traditionally had issued in vast majority of successful patent suits" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="97B2543F-BDC0-4AF4-B6AE-B892A9624256" TEXT="Kennedy, Stevens, Souter, Breyer" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="6FC25834-E9BF-49B5-9E65-E48298BD85B0" TEXT="denying injunctions may be appropriate when:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="A6C1F355-2D50-4DB1-B210-1F221096DDBE" TEXT="plaintiff is a patent troll" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="385E03EC-5E75-46C0-9FE2-2BA06FE94A76" TEXT="patent covers one component of complex product" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="4106A1CA-F54B-4CBF-9140-CB359581E628" TEXT="patent in question is a business method patent, often of suspect validity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="191A8CE1-7538-4611-BA1F-5DE2620B6D2B" TEXT="&quot;In addition injunctive relief may have different consequences for the burgeoning number of patents over business methods, which were not of much economic and legal significance in earlier times. The potential vagueness and suspect validity of some of these patents may affect the calculus under the four-factor test.&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="FC6FA176-5438-49EA-AD40-B300B7D2947D" TEXT="Circuits vary sharply on the degree to which eBay corrodes traditional presumption of irreparable harm in trademark cases" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1480595246000" MODIFIED="1480595300000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="AF06BEA9-97BA-44EA-9C6D-1B5C3376A952" TEXT="CA3, CA9:  complete corrosion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480595313000" MODIFIED="1480595496000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="9EE73698-0EAF-458F-8BF1-8F615DDA1CC6" TEXT="CA1, CA10, CA11: partial corrosion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480595375000" MODIFIED="1480595391000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="B688EF00-A71E-42CB-AE05-52D23D070493" TEXT="CA4, CA5, CA6:  presumption survives" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480595409000" MODIFIED="1480595460000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="C75011FE-4A1C-449E-8E7A-FF2AF5355C74" TEXT="CA2, CA7, CA8:  have not yet taken a position" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480595461000" MODIFIED="1480595485000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="267A0343-5FAB-4CD5-B0D4-1658751E6954" TEXT="objections to the application of eBay" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480595514000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="EED5A405-998B-4CCB-B8A8-F51D8CD843DA" TEXT="(a) injures public: denial of injunction results in continued confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480684750000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="4F979D2A-707B-4916-8B91-DFF16C500E0C" TEXT="(b) would seem to raise a problem for P of &#x201c;naked licensing&#x201d; &#x2013; because no quality controls" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480684733000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="BA5D2847-EC03-42D5-A562-505AFA6DC2E0" TEXT="Criminal Penalties" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="11D14D3F-5994-4CB1-8180-3B8A76A9BA89" TEXT="Statutory Provisions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1480685118000" MODIFIED="1480685127000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="8EEF84B2-BB19-483B-AE61-909D9E66971E" TEXT="18 USC 2320" LINK="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2320" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1480686078000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="39EA0E83-7A9F-4A1A-BB7E-E46535EE4BD7" TEXT="available only for intentional trafficking in goods or services using counterfeit mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="ED87E315-0543-4303-8C36-DB7BED98A5F3" TEXT="Penalties:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="FC4CE686-2D6D-4842-85A7-1438640E5E2D" TEXT="Fine up to $2M" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="D754A2D7-28C1-4169-ABCC-15BF762586E7" TEXT="Up to 10 years in prison" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="0EAB90D4-742B-41FA-9F4C-FB7F531DD1C5" TEXT="Purposes" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1480685128000" MODIFIED="1480685132000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="DC5E0A5C-4143-44C1-A5F7-25F566186E21" TEXT="1. &#x201c;Protecting a mark-holder&#x2019;s intellectual property from theft or dilution&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480685253000" MODIFIED="1480685994000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="D309F175-8F69-4D3D-ADD0-10DBE6B071E6" TEXT="2. &#x201c;Protecting consumers from fraud&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480685258000" MODIFIED="1480685999000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="787EF7AE-217D-4CC8-BB5C-5651527F5161" TEXT="3. &#x201c;Protecting the safety of non-purchasing users&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1480685273000" MODIFIED="1480686003000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="EA2C3D96-549C-4F43-9047-8B41E100850E" TEXT="&#x201c;For example, airline passengers are victims of counterfeit airplane parts, coronary patients are victims of counterfeit heart pumps, and children are victims of counterfeit infant formula, even though in each case the counterfeit goods were purchased for those consumers&#x2019; bene t by another person.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480685334000" MODIFIED="1480685365000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="B2AA1BD3-E8D8-422B-8C39-E71FFD57AFE2" TEXT="4. &#x201c;Enforcing market rules&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480685366000" MODIFIED="1480686006000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="D2D705E9-273A-40C3-B632-7437E20A619E" TEXT="DOJ Guidelines for Prosecutors (2015), pp. 89ff" LINK="https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal-ccips/legacy/2015/03/26/prosecuting_ip_crimes_manual_2013.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480685133000" MODIFIED="1480685199000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="9116FF71-D477-45DA-90F2-0CC905D4F9E7" TEXT="The government must prove:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1480685447000" MODIFIED="1480686092000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="46746477-E24E-48F6-A42A-A9F1C326BBC3" TEXT="1.    The defendant *intentionally trafficked or attempted or conspired to traffic* in goods or services (or labels, documentation or packaging for goods or services); and" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480685474000" MODIFIED="1480685528000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="FD3AB89D-88E2-4563-9C79-9A46A079CDC9" TEXT="2.    The defendant *knowingly used a counterfeit mark* on or in connection with those goods or services, or a counterfeit mark was applied to labels, documentation, or packaging for those goods or services." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1480685529000" MODIFIED="1480685606000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="1DCA6906-DB61-4467-97B5-B868CF003C2A" TEXT="Narrow definition of &#x201c;counterfeit mark&#x201d;.  Government must prove:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1480685611000" MODIFIED="1480685656000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="CB789BAB-EE9B-45CF-BBD7-3F3F9B0C0CF5" TEXT="1. The counterfeit mark was not genuine or authentic; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480685630000" MODIFIED="1480685749000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="416E768D-C45F-4213-9D94-8E228C7846D5" TEXT="2.    The counterfeit mark was *identical to or substantially indistinguishable* from a genuine mark owned by another;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480685751000" MODIFIED="1480685772000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="6DB61BBB-3EAA-492D-A4C9-DFEC4F9EDB2D" TEXT="3.    The genuine mark was *registered* on the principal register in the United &#10;States Patent and Trademark Office; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480685773000" MODIFIED="1480685786000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="F213A7EA-1F4F-40A0-899F-08F8708C7941" TEXT="4.    The genuine mark had been *in use* by the mark-holder or its licensee; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480685787000" MODIFIED="1480685797000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="0076394E-797E-45BA-B3A0-E3F2FE17FD06" TEXT="5.    The counterfeit mark was used &#x201c;*on or in connection with*&#x201d; the defendant&#x2019;s goods or services (or in the case of labels and packaging, the counterfeit mark was &#x201c;applied to or used in connection with&#x201d; the goods or services or was &#x201c;applied to or consist[ed] of &#x201d; labels, documentation, or packaging &#x201c;of any type or nature&#x201d;); " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480685797000" MODIFIED="1480685809000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="7711384E-1060-40D0-B1F3-6AAD71BAF886" TEXT="6.    The counterfeit mark was used &#x201c;in connection with&#x201d; *the type of goods or services for which the protected mark was registered*, (or in the case of labels and packaging, the counterfeit labels, documentation, or packaging were &#x201c;designed, marketed, or otherwise intended to be used on or in connection with the goods or services for which the mark [was] registered&#x201d;); and " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480685809000" MODIFIED="1480685821000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="DCCECA74-CFB2-4CF6-B25E-350DD6E4E45C" TEXT="7.    The counterfeit mark was used in a manner *&#x201c;likely to cause confusion, to cause mistake, or to deceive.&#x201d;*" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480685823000" MODIFIED="1480685833000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="856CD201-B890-4BDA-A7E2-A626D41943DD" TEXT="DOJ Guidelines for Prosecutors (2015), pp. 89ff" LINK="https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal-ccips/legacy/2015/03/26/prosecuting_ip_crimes_manual_2013.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1480685733000" MODIFIED="1480685733000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="C0EF7234-0896-4AB0-A82C-4D8C203BA024" TEXT="International Framework" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" POSITION="left" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="38428060-AF8C-4705-B3BA-604D97F797D0" TEXT="Trends" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="C24A930B-9677-4D2D-9E1E-D195A9A7AA5E" TEXT="(1) Harmonization of the laws of separate jurisdictions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="E41C5C60-97F9-4567-9508-94AA79226B23" TEXT="(2) Facilitation of Filings and Management in other countries" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="A07F4685-3449-45AD-AC48-BADA56562264" TEXT="(3) Expanding coverage of regional trademarks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="B4A01711-F6C3-41D7-B374-80BFA44F19A6" TEXT="(4) Expansion of trademark entitlements" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="1929BA5B-A7A6-4BFB-B741-0D9A95D695ED" TEXT="(5) Expansion of regional and international exhaustion doctrines" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="E09E6DD9-05D4-47AA-B235-100DA3A4819D" TEXT="Terminus:  single, uniform, world-wide, highly protective trademark system" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="8245AC8F-FE4E-4C85-AB74-DF39807E2761" TEXT="Paris Convention" LINK="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474581235000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="92A0594E-39F2-406A-9EA4-DF73438FA24F" TEXT="No discrimination against nationals of other countries -- Art. 2" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="59801C6C-2D39-4B99-9B33-9FDFAF672660" TEXT="contrast reciprocity principle" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1475156223000" MODIFIED="1475156232000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="5BFB3360-2058-4A95-B266-C0C907BBE3C6" TEXT="First filing date in a member country gives applicant priority in all other countries, provided filings are made within 6 months -- Art. 4" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="2ECE65F0-AA2B-4163-82A7-09FE981E52F9" TEXT="Marks considered &#x201c;well-known&#x201d; in any member country protected against use on similar goods in that country -- Art. 6bis" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="6F35C15A-95DE-419B-B38D-D4F990C48D88" TEXT="(1) The countries of the Union undertake, ex officio if their legislation so permits, or at the request of an interested party, to refuse or to cancel the registration, and to prohibit the use, of a trademark which constitutes a reproduction, an imitation, or a translation, liable to create confusion, of a mark *considered by the competent authority of the country of registration or use to be well known in that country* as being already the mark of a person entitled to the benefits of this Convention and used for identical or similar goods. These provisions shall also apply when the essential part of the mark constitutes a reproduction of any such well-known mark or an imitation liable to create confusion therewith." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475156297000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="1D722156-C892-4797-8866-4BCA226D0F21" TEXT="(2) A period of at least five years from the date of registration shall be allowed for requesting the cancellation of such a mark. The countries of the Union may provide for a period within which the prohibition of use must be requested." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="7CE8F664-65B6-4751-AAA7-98398836330A" TEXT="(3) No time limit shall be fixed for requesting the cancellation or the prohibition of the use of marks registered or used in bad faith." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="98C799A5-2888-43E1-AF59-EAF7DFA45AA9" TEXT="Protection of foreign nationals against &#x201c;unfair competition&#x201d; -- Art. 10bis " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="8099F174-D2FE-4DEA-A9FF-B590BFB0C47F" TEXT="Opportunities for &#x201c;special agreements&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="82C35ACB-0283-433F-8EBF-C886348FA079" TEXT="176 countries" LINK="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?lang=en&amp;treaty_id=2" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474581270000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="7DF87526-8B9F-4B17-BDDC-1B21231F967A" TEXT="Madrid Systems" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Madrid%20Agreement.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474581376000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="E93FCBEE-A6F8-412F-864B-13A92AAC978C" TEXT="Madrid Agreement (1890, 1967)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="448446AE-964A-4E83-90F0-E8DDA528C75B" TEXT="Madrid Protocol (1989)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="4427CD44-713E-48E9-8D86-7EABCEB64D38" TEXT="Trademark Law Treaty" LINK="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id=294357" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474581416000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="7FF9650A-820A-4E5E-8EE3-796E2BCF7B62" TEXT="Procedural simplification and harmonization" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="F51ACF32-B3BD-44EB-B67D-93DD16B5E025" TEXT="53 countries, including US" LINK="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?lang=en&amp;treaty_id=5" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474581447000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="43E00A47-A0F2-4F17-A5A6-5E4BB1077822" TEXT="Standard forms for applications, powers of attorney, etc." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="B466FEDA-7545-4648-8A3B-A2D452346ADF" TEXT="Countries may require only:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="191BCDAE-0C96-449C-BBDC-1A93FE72DDB5" TEXT="name and address " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="4EDDBE03-3BA0-47C8-A5C6-15F081FCFE0C" TEXT="information concerning the mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="1DFFD9F5-96F9-446C-A615-936162228873" TEXT="goods and services the mark pertains to" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="1232E10D-6647-4264-8FF7-75130E657CE3" TEXT=" the mark's classification " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="B03090DD-8DF9-4896-BF11-A645738E7528" TEXT="declaration of the intention to use the mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="6C8A51E6-0F6C-4D07-A30C-CF70B16FB59A" TEXT="10-year initial term and renewal terms" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="6723922F-A943-4D62-8BFA-3DF67096F971" TEXT="Nice Agreement" LINK="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/classification/nice/" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474581481000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="2D43BD92-6438-4149-B2EF-6E8D479C7391" TEXT="Standard Set of Classes for TM registrations" LINK="http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/classifications/nice/en/pdf/8_list_class_order.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474581513000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="04D4BC07-7387-41CF-A331-5BE4D72E7F4C" TEXT="1-34 for Goods" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="DA1AC5A8-8C91-42F0-8561-6DB6A10CC17D" TEXT="35-45 for services" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="7AB7B732-9A85-4F7E-A73C-2C08791113FD" TEXT="84 member countries (including US)" LINK="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?lang=en&amp;treaty_id=12" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474581535000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="B5816CD5-28DD-4AA9-966D-89D28F976318" TEXT="Lisbon Agreement (1958)" LINK="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/lisbon/" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1504721343000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="5A98E333-A644-4B9D-BA9B-1CC2E8DA4783" TEXT="member countries must first develop domestic laws protecting appellations of origin" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="7C2141F2-6A7C-44FE-A558-E9AB26ACC03F" TEXT="private parties can then secure protection for an AO under that regime, and then register the AO with WIPO" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="31BC1399-25E8-4CF4-B8EA-C9AC17A9CE8B" TEXT="Currently roughly 1000 AOs are registered with WIPO" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504721023000" MODIFIED="1504721080000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="70195B4E-8DBD-4B07-B1C4-7463A84A8D6D" TEXT="thereafter, all other member countries must grant (expansive and indefinite) protection for the AO within their own territories" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1504721018000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="6C60F608-224B-4006-B16A-8F71253B0B23" TEXT="unless within 1 year, the country declares that it cannot grant such protection" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="19DC5B87-744B-4E0D-BE33-8AAEA66B07AC" TEXT="2015 &#x201c;Geneva Act,&#x201d; if ratified, would expand coverage of the Agreement (e.g., to reach all GIs) without fundamentally altering its structure" LINK="http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/geoind/en/li_dc/li_dc_19.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1474585283000" MODIFIED="1474630769000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="7676B693-F8CE-4D1F-AAA9-5F40C2B8173A" TEXT="Objective:  make the system more attractive to users and countries" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504721083000" MODIFIED="1504721111000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="62C5638D-0A4A-49E3-8192-B076D39A315D" TEXT="More inclusive than the original Lisbon Agreement concerning ways of protecting GIs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504721130000" MODIFIED="1504721165000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="949AB45E-B612-4845-8D72-9AAED6E4F763" TEXT="Incorporate different ways of enforcing GIs, including TMs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504721190000" MODIFIED="1504721243000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="D32D3081-968C-4A1E-8544-6FAFC2C39206" TEXT="Opposition procedure to protect interests of parties that would be disadvantaged by registration of a GI" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504721244000" MODIFIED="1504721332000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="FE9837DB-91AD-4370-A566-EAC7EC3121D6" TEXT="28 countries, not including USA" LINK="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?lang=en&amp;treaty_id=10" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474581620000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="4DDFFB38-E72A-4EA1-BF03-8B7494188339" TEXT="map" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/LisbonAgreementMap.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474581662000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="408B685C-0D0C-4574-B1F4-6D00ED20B740" TEXT="US Objections" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1474585110000" MODIFIED="1474585122000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="5168DCCF-97B4-4709-A9AB-8FADFB614646" TEXT="&#x201c;Trademark protection is based on the fundamental tenet of first-in-time, first-in-right, which provides certainty for one who invests in a business using the mark. In some countries, GI protection ignores that tenet in favor of a later-in-time GI." LINK="http://www.ip-watch.org/2015/05/08/qa-with-us-on-concerns-about-lisbon-gi-treaty-negotiation/" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1474585124000" MODIFIED="1504721374000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="5179AF91-F448-40B1-BB1D-95E8CBD4074E" TEXT="&#x201c;The United States agrees that GIs can be valuable and that their legal protection is important. We protect GIs primarily as regional certification and collective trademarks. Just like other GI systems, products bearing regional trademarks must come from the geographic area named. Both approaches require adherence to quality standards &#x2013; including the demarcation of the territory of production &#x2013; to ensure that the good-will associated with the product is maintained. " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504721375000" MODIFIED="1504721395000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="BAF3DAD3-C5E2-4F04-922A-DB19CAAFCEC6" TEXT="But where we differ is that *we do not believe rights in a term acquired in one country should be required to be adopted in another country with no regard for consumers&#x2019; understanding of the term in that country or already-established rights there.*&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1504721396000" MODIFIED="1504813552000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="0E877204-09A2-44D4-B66F-0B986A3486F3" TEXT="TRIPS" LINK="https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_04_e.htm" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474581696000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="CF754109-0D31-4BB9-8083-724177E991DC" TEXT="WTO member countries (164)" LINK="https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474581745000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="AB9BA6EB-CD5C-4139-9AA8-6793A643ED04" TEXT="map" LINK="https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/org6_map_e.htm" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474581812000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="9266B9E3-AD2C-4B3F-9656-93CB7C1DE389" TEXT="Mandatory TM protections" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="29E3406E-08B9-4913-BD00-D81D261D874E" TEXT="National Treatment and most favored nation " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475156750000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="C2ED0067-3F1C-4DA6-AA6D-541023763FF5" TEXT="Service marks must be protected -- 15" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="8EF80C12-8D0D-48C3-9B60-705EEB7C06A2" TEXT="Mandatory Procedures for Publication, Opposition, and Cancellation -- 15" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="49B5B5E6-D2B4-488E-80A3-7CA07E0E73E5" TEXT="Owner of registered mark must be able to prevent others from using similar marks if it would lead to &quot;likelihood of confusion&quot; -- 16" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="9B00BC5B-084E-49EB-9B50-1CA635A6DE2A" TEXT="1.&#xa0;The owner of a registered trademark shall have the exclusive right to prevent all third parties not having the owner&#x2019;s consent from using in the course of trade identical or similar signs for goods or services which are identical or similar to those in respect of which the trademark is registered where such use would result in a likelihood of confusion. In case of the use of an identical sign for identical goods or services, a likelihood of confusion shall be presumed. The rights described above shall not prejudice any existing prior rights, nor shall they affect the possibility of Members making rights available on the basis of use." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="C666A692-9C6D-4787-8C63-7C62C33AA2B1" TEXT="Expansive protection for well-known marks -- 16" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="A22D13FB-93EB-4815-879A-75E582AF6C56" TEXT="2.&#xa0;Article 6bis of the Paris Convention (1967) shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to services. In determining whether a trademark is well-known, Members shall take account of the knowledge of the trademark in the relevant sector of the public, including knowledge in the Member concerned which has been obtained as a result of the promotion of the trademark." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="C4BAAC5F-23F8-4C6C-8BC1-A76EFD2E5928" TEXT="3.&#xa0;Article 6bis of the Paris Convention (1967) shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to goods or services which are not similar to those in respect of which a trademark is registered, provided that use of that trademark in relation to those goods or services would indicate a connection between those goods or services and the owner of the registered trademark and provided that the interests of the owner of the registered trademark are likely to be damaged by such use." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="0DE9555A-CEE1-478F-A95E-F3D5A0CB864B" TEXT="7-year minimum term -- 18" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="317BB3B5-E5EE-4CA3-966E-DF129EDF3666" TEXT="Cancellation for non-use only after 3 years; longer if owner has legitimate excuse -- 19" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="E4022D5C-7DAF-4A7B-B550-75098FDE51BF" TEXT="No compulsory licensing -- 21" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="65297C47-D106-4BA2-9A5A-1664DEFDDC1B" TEXT="No &#x201c;special requirements&#x201d; encumbering use -- 21" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="45BB17AF-F413-4C38-B94E-C068C2DACCF7" TEXT="Preliminary relief must be available" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="0FC0E790-04DE-407B-BF40-C611F2576433" TEXT="Mandatory Protections for Geographical Indications" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="085638B2-8194-421B-866B-87D1B9DD8D8C" TEXT="GIs -- 22" LINK="https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_04b_e.htm" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474581889000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="2F27D990-6965-4038-91C1-A124AB3BF9AF" TEXT="1.  Geographical indications are, for the purposes of this Agreement, indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a Member, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="3C358B3F-C340-4BE9-8FFD-A491CD7AC207" TEXT="In respect of geographical indications, Members shall provide the legal means for interested parties to prevent:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="704B9929-4678-4028-AB29-C90F2D8D4D7A" TEXT=" . the use of any means in the designation or presentation of a good that indicates or suggests that the good in question originates in a geographical area other than the true place of origin in a manner which misleads the public as to the geographical origin of the good; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="42E010BB-DEA6-41C8-8A0F-8BC907652A7B" TEXT=" . any use which constitutes an act of unfair competition within the meaning of Article 10bis of the Paris Convention (1967). " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="BDF3AE80-230B-4EA2-AFD5-68032C203E9D" TEXT="A Member shall, ex officio if its legislation so permits or at the request of an interested party, refuse or invalidate the registration of a trademark which contains or consists of a geographical indication with respect to goods not originating in the territory indicated, if use of the indication in the trademark for such goods in that Member is of such a nature as to mislead the public as to the true place of origin." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="9B3498D9-B979-4774-88BB-04381DBE5500" TEXT="The protection under paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 shall be applicable against a geographical indication which, although literally true as to the territory, region or locality in which the goods originate, falsely represents to the public that the goods originate in another territory." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="32DA836F-2C58-4A9E-9E9B-076874D67F88" TEXT="Wines and Spirits --23" LINK="https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_04b_e.htm" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474581919000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="61E02B0E-35E7-4F1A-8489-7CE5E7BFACE1" TEXT="Each Member shall provide the legal means for interested parties to prevent use of a geographical indication identifying wines for wines not originating in the place indicated by the geographical indication in question or identifying spirits for spirits not originating in the place indicated by the geographical indication in question, *even where the true origin of the goods is indicated or the geographical indication is used in translation or accompanied by expressions such as &quot;kind&quot;, &quot;type&quot;, &quot;style&quot;, &quot;imitation&quot; or the like*." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475157016000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="EB18EC7C-443A-4B70-8FC8-D0BCCFBF3149" TEXT="The registration of a trademark for wines which contains or consists of a geographical indication identifying wines or for spirits which contains or consists of a geographical indication identifying spirits shall be refused or invalidated, ex officio if a Member's legislation so permits or at the request of an interested party, with respect to such wines or spirits not having this origin." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="FC8E9423-329B-4D7F-AADC-FBECF61FCDDF" TEXT="In the case of homonymous geographical indications for wines, protection shall be accorded to each indication, subject to the provisions of paragraph 4 of Article 22. Each Member shall determine the practical conditions under which the homonymous indications in question will be differentiated from each other, taking into account the need to ensure equitable treatment of the producers concerned and that consumers are not misled." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="3E4E15C3-529D-418B-B3F1-44800AB6B61A" TEXT="In order to facilitate the protection of geographical indications for wines, negotiations shall be undertaken in the Council for TRIPS concerning the *establishment of a multilateral system of notification and registration of geographical indications for wines eligible for protection in those Members participating in the system.*" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475157063000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="0F5D837B-A5F3-4DF6-A69C-6AB581D5209A" TEXT="Exceptions --24" LINK="https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_04b_e.htm" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474581948000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="CD3E5DAD-39CA-4A65-8459-DD028484438F" TEXT="Regional TM Systems" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="52AE9A86-DD6F-43C9-8539-EDBEBA491265" TEXT="Community TM System" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="4E46481A-57B4-4091-9614-7541640FEA62" TEXT="EU Membership" LINK="http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/photo/photoDetails.cfm?sitelang=en&amp;ref=030537#2" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474582217000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="30CAFBB7-2211-4D83-B9D1-10414CF7D099" TEXT="Acquiring a CTM" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="25B8E4F9-FD9E-49D0-B922-C544441DBF5A" TEXT="Open System (contrast Madrid Protocol)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="91F4B458-E3FF-4FAA-8B6F-CC80CF0643B0" TEXT="application procedure" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/CTMapplication.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474582025000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="AA5E80EE-08E3-42F2-9A82-4F063E3DA8BA" TEXT="&#x201c;Absolute&#x201d; Grounds for Nonregistration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="D4100879-9386-487D-9103-48DB7593E3F7" TEXT="indistinctive, descriptive, functional, deceptive, flags, etc." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="2D1F680E-D3D6-4763-B5C5-DBB3DBD48873" TEXT="Administrative hierarchy:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="FA510FAA-CACD-4A41-BD37-591FB5019339" TEXT="European Court of Justice" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="C6F2039F-DAA2-42F4-A4A8-875DFBA7901C" TEXT="OHIM Boards of Appeals" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="194BE4E7-60A7-49EF-BB5C-A582C7DB0274" TEXT="OHIM" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="234233F0-81D6-41E7-8331-57B9758A183B" TEXT="Rights Associated with a CTM" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="96EF679F-DBB1-43A7-9449-8B93B07E87C5" TEXT="to exclusive use of the trade mark;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="159864C6-42EB-404E-BE41-DBEB69C428BF" TEXT="to prevent the reproduction or imitation of a trade mark;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="73B10AD3-E52C-4861-BB13-06D06E0F0863" TEXT="to transfer a trade mark or to grant licenses for some or all of the goods or services to which the trade mark is registered, in part or the whole of the Community;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="F7769257-BCC6-4887-A351-3ADEA0DEDD4E" TEXT="to oppose the registration of similar Community or national trade marks which could cause confusion to the consumer." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="146D609F-DEFF-4D76-9CE7-9C28F61CDC46" TEXT="Enforcement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="7FBFF759-B293-415A-ABFF-0C518C759C6C" TEXT="Designated &#x201c;Community TM Courts&#x201d; in each country" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="E97F4E34-8C6B-466F-B863-AC8AE4DC20F7" TEXT="Losing a CTM" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="18011435-7A56-441F-ABC5-36ECDE8AB748" TEXT="Cancellation for nonuse in Europe for 5 years" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node><node ID="D1B6D878-F9D3-4678-9E02-EB2976324F76" TEXT="Relationship to National TM Systems" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="3C210E37-A797-42A7-838B-A51F28FE357F" TEXT="co-existence" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="4C4D1C7E-AB8E-425C-9699-C06DBEFDC83D" TEXT="Seniority for abandoned national marks preserved" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/CTMSeniority.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474582287000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="E6760DC3-2F1E-4304-A835-BC3807629AAE" TEXT="Substantive Harmonization&#10;of national laws" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /><node ID="09EB9652-1851-4389-B87D-598771C69299" TEXT="Directive 89/104" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="4BDFC134-FAB7-485B-9686-7667A917FEBA" TEXT="1) definition of what can be registered as a trademark; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="A055FFFA-7E70-4DAA-8B36-C765288B9295" TEXT="2) rights conferred by a trademark; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="03F7BA3E-D3D2-4980-8571-D7128A72EB0A" TEXT="3) conditions on use of a trademark, especially, cancellation for lack of use; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="E79CB53F-D0F1-4F21-A6D7-759F9948ED3C" TEXT="4) exhaustion of rights;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="F79FA709-32E9-40C0-80F7-035163B4961C" TEXT="5) grounds for refusal, invalidation, or revocation of a trademark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="B454CB91-F13F-4470-AD8E-07D5481D7C32" TEXT="Mercosur" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="D386FE04-6EBC-458F-8FEB-FCEAF5D5F063" TEXT="Andean Community" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="70F7F44C-A4BE-4812-B138-567228643F53" TEXT="OAPI" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/OAPI.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474582342000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node><node ID="67F898BB-AB29-4D19-ADA4-D93EED077D10" TEXT="ARIPO" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/ARIPO.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474582377000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFD8B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="54154FD5-49AF-478B-9FB0-D3531EB99D95" TEXT="I. What May be Protected?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" POSITION="left" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="8BAE39E3-1C14-45F0-89A2-4E7BB1CB269C" TEXT="Definitions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="70EE8C1E-AC8A-4FC2-827A-BD505D902406" TEXT="Trademarks (LA 45)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="021B2F27-2951-4B44-AB17-B1350FC00A2B" TEXT="any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="87FF6CA3-F8D8-4826-B766-62A4085C3ED5" TEXT="Either:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="AD644FA6-8C3C-4A48-B9A1-F17B4A65BCC9" TEXT="currently used by a person or " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="09F8A781-8C18-4966-B3EE-4AF0CC072906" TEXT="a person has a bona fide intention to use it in commerce and applies for registration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="842AAB7F-8750-4268-BD34-DD26C9D17992" TEXT="used to identify and distinguish his or her goods, including a unique product, from those manufactured or sold by others and to indicate the source of the goods, even if that source is unknown" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="053A2030-64F1-461E-A436-5DD61D899908" TEXT="Service Marks (LA 45)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="D9F1AB94-3948-46D8-86FA-3D445EB90F8B" TEXT="any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="91E7BF72-79C2-4D7A-95F5-1DB2A33F06FD" TEXT="Either:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="91965A22-2192-470C-933A-97AB0C549133" TEXT="currently used by a person or " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="8085A6CE-7B3A-4320-8223-8F7B396ED68B" TEXT="a person has a bona fide intention to use it in commerce and applies for registration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="447A105C-3378-4DE3-B721-C8ACDE384574" TEXT="used to identify and distinguish the services of one person from the services of others and to indicate the source of the services, even if that source is unknown" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="ACFD6BD6-504C-460C-9A89-A2A8C592F823" TEXT="Collective Marks (LA 45)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="A4E41800-E2C1-4DBD-8FDF-7F09E9F4A72F" TEXT="a trademark or service mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="DF8C89AA-D7BF-40F6-AEC4-5C0DEF076E8A" TEXT="Either:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="80897EED-5E0C-4FA0-9409-FC54A40BBAAB" TEXT="Used by members of a cooperative, association, or other collective group" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="E2014B51-DC23-45A7-8786-132AE6C78200" TEXT="or a cooperative, association, or other collective group has a bona fide intent to use it in commerce and applies to register it" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="52864C11-6863-42CF-A7D3-D83A088ED8D7" TEXT="Certification Marks (LA 45)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="D95144AA-D380-4DBF-857F-EB30822051C0" TEXT="any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="35F19170-4689-470F-8D6F-A5D14C1445F3" TEXT="Either:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="913F27EC-60B1-486C-8DF4-29E3754471FD" TEXT="currently used by a person other than its owner" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="93EDF2A7-742C-4E4B-99B4-40E4FF559142" TEXT="or its owner has a bona fide intention to permit another person to use it in commerce and applies for registration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="B008BB97-5ACB-4456-ADB0-C2C437D9A6CF" TEXT="used to certify regional or other origin, material, mode of manufacture, quality, or accuracy of such person&#x2019;s goods or services  or that the goods or services were performed by members of a union or other organization " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="DC220282-0A7B-48FE-B718-79C13A7049D7" TEXT="Distinctiveness Hierarchy" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="4E3F055E-414E-4F0C-85E4-CD1C0DB0F134" TEXT="Arbitrary/Fanciful" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="E283147B-8EE2-4576-898E-AF1303080D3E" TEXT="arbitrary = existing word applied arbitrarily to a product or service" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="DDDAB8F5-BB6B-426A-BB49-12166B04FF27" TEXT="fanciful = newly created word, image, etc." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="364F1241-01A1-49B3-BBD9-7FB3150578B9" TEXT="Suggestive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="83B400C5-6ED4-4A3F-9209-A76207F5AB91" TEXT="suggest a quality of the good or service" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="5A499728-A457-4F9E-9586-F07A84B21336" TEXT="examples" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="A213CE63-5D7D-4D85-8303-D65B4BED63A1" TEXT="Citibank" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="6E48F6BC-F2E5-4BE0-BDCD-E802F885478B" TEXT="Q-tips" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="A77FF52B-40A9-439A-991E-8B59E7159027" TEXT="Descriptive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="D9F0B1EE-F8A4-463F-9820-0E2CDFF93672" TEXT="Describes an ingredient, quality, or characteristic of the product" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="2D13270B-27EB-4432-BDC1-FDF3093F4841" TEXT="factors used to determine &#10;whether a mark is descriptive or suggestive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="7AE9C398-EC61-459C-B733-F6E8396D9DCA" TEXT="Dictionary definition of the term" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="5E14F606-0D7F-4157-B14F-91E92E9FD27B" TEXT="Does it require consumers to use &#10;their imaginations to reach a conclusion &#10;as to the nature of the goods? " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="D0245791-C379-4EA7-BFF7-AA60B5D92159" TEXT="Do competitors &#x201c;need&#x201d; the term to&#10; describe their products &#x2013; or would &#10;it be &#x201c;useful&#x201d; to them?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="D302DFE3-7B9C-42D3-BBF8-E86A08413B33" TEXT="To what extent has the term &#10;been used by competitors?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="EB7F9E7C-7E86-4169-9B57-DDDA54E0D94C" TEXT="protectable only with secondary meaning" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="1D4601DF-57B0-4536-8656-F55AC5B467E4" TEXT="examples" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="4E5FFF37-1C6C-46F8-BD6D-3AD2E59D811B" TEXT="Fish Fri -- for frying batter" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="031AA21A-E9DA-413E-AE0F-3325E23A078D" TEXT="Coca-Cola" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="15F62935-541C-4F64-BBA3-FEB7E03AC09F" TEXT="Alo -- for aloe cream" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="227FFBCE-F3AE-4767-B7E8-52A9F13CEB5F" TEXT="Vision Center -- for optical services" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="A4BB9340-267C-47CD-8B76-3A37FD33C86C" TEXT="Tender Vittles  -- for cat food" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="4C84E7E5-AF1B-4DFF-BAA3-75CD1BC72BE3" TEXT="Arthriticare -- for arthritis treatment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="A16F9329-4E4C-49E2-84C3-2BB4007C26C8" TEXT="Investacorp -- for investment services" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="21A25817-4D49-4001-9EEF-40C7E1089CA2" TEXT="Custom-Blended -- for gasoline blended at the pump" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="D94F2E4D-292A-4D3B-91DA-23666846A8F6" TEXT="Generic" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="077023B0-F507-40C2-9256-D796EBD6D6C0" TEXT="the term is commonly used to denote the goods or services at issue" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="F399BF2C-8974-4823-980C-15B9B618CFF7" TEXT="unprotectable" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="46698636-CF14-4F70-8281-F2E869737BD4" TEXT="examples" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="732A577D-D1D2-403D-ABFE-2D665973E1FB" TEXT="Bermuda -- for shorts" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="9EE12ABD-A0F4-4C76-AE6B-61B593DFE758" TEXT="Safari &#x2014; for hats and jackets" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1473946028000" MODIFIED="1473946041000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="FDE536C8-FD36-40C3-BABC-1844174563D6" TEXT="Kleenex" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="46E7E488-F196-45D5-92B5-D0DF6504EDBB" TEXT="Thermos" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="9A66EC19-02FA-49F5-A7CD-5ACF4C6B6126" TEXT="Duck Tours" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="DEB09803-D24E-46C3-8106-C49A54774996" TEXT="Secondary Meaning" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="50BA6A03-4E66-4373-9108-924EA8DF2917" TEXT="consumers have come to recognize the mark as a source indicator" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="E8E502DA-F57C-4543-8878-D62187426A79" TEXT="a.k.a &quot;acquired distinctiveness&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="A3D85D64-B055-476B-9BE7-62D6E259BE97" TEXT="the primary significance of the mark in consumers' minds is not the product, but the producer" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="545ED9EE-A65D-4509-8C2E-D9A6232DE723" TEXT="not essential that consumers know who the producer is" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="893518D2-7B2A-45F5-96DE-A96C46AEBE30" TEXT="define &quot;consumers&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="3E420A69-DDBE-4C7B-AD83-9D930EC2752D" TEXT="most cases treat the the public in general as the relevant group" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="EF56FE83-18D6-4432-99A3-668C843F540E" TEXT="but some acknowledge that the relevant group consist of buyers of the type of product or service at issue" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="80B4EB12-B211-47E6-BF6C-59E34FC810C0" TEXT="Harlequin Enterprises (CA2 1981)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="C91DD7F0-6C15-4F01-A3F5-923BB5A4638A" TEXT="readers of romance novels" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="CDA5174C-D097-46CF-B4F6-1EC4522BDB14" TEXT="Louboutin (CA2 2012)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="034CCC48-F289-454C-86DB-D620AC8A0FA5" TEXT="for purposes of federal registration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="98DB078A-88F3-49C7-89EB-B9C81C38CB30" TEXT="LA 2(e) bars registration of &quot;merely descriptive marks&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="ABBAE998-FD3E-4644-B304-D6B94E07FB06" TEXT="LA 2(f) permits registration of such marks with SM" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="CDE19CD6-96AF-4022-84A6-F9DBC3B78693" TEXT="proving secondary meaning" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="36796D7C-DB9D-46C3-B41D-4B3333376598" TEXT="direct evidence" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="C6EAB263-827A-4503-B878-BACD1FD09A6A" TEXT="*consumer surveys" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="37DACFB7-CCDB-4AF2-9C89-3A4CF2B0CCB6" TEXT="consumer testimony" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="FF9A756B-53BA-4965-A563-E0CE8EF3C0C7" TEXT="retailers/dealers testimony" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="3A37F332-5938-475F-8C27-6174FE9B1175" TEXT="circumstantial evidence" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="7A88B182-F6DE-4079-A928-98B7C1038170" TEXT="exclusivity, duration, and manner of use" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="FF693D45-1743-4A26-A2DF-9CC102A0DCDD" TEXT="sales volume" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="917C0CE2-3267-456B-B2BE-5B39E389B7B7" TEXT="amount and manner of advertising" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="E3D448AF-52DB-467F-A288-49D84DC14201" TEXT="unsolicited press coverage" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="2F3C4D7E-016D-4267-8EDB-A1F48AF8E2F6" TEXT="proof of intentional copying" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="01F83C54-03A6-4239-B497-7D5888CCB012" TEXT="in CA4, gives rise to a rebuttable presumption of SM" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="E1FC353E-E51A-4BDB-8460-578EFEB6B24E" TEXT="includes intentional &quot;knockoffs&quot; by 3rd parties, not just defendant" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="3CA89F72-2D81-41A6-BAD1-D585178F6B86" TEXT="Louboutin (CA2 2012)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="9729B233-D261-45D9-9F5C-E2FD25C68750" TEXT="&quot;secondary meaning in the making&quot;" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/SM%20in%20Making.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1473856966000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="7B2B86A7-D5AD-4A8E-9A41-C422E5D27766" TEXT="Permissible Forms" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="1EF583BF-94DA-4C76-AD9E-0C7522BBC5E5" TEXT="Words" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="F5F352E7-7EDF-4E06-ACE6-E78B6477892F" TEXT="e.g., Nike" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="1AEA9F82-359C-493E-B0EF-3F4D79534995" TEXT="includes numbers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="88703F63-CAB4-479C-A802-A4C27CBAF732" TEXT="e.g., 501 jeans" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="76A00A3A-2887-480C-A260-FF3A1EED0B0F" TEXT="words in other languages subject to the &quot;doctrine of foreign equivalents&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="C2007FBE-0AC7-4344-9500-4A1146BD9157" TEXT="if the other language is common in the United States, the English translation will be employed in categorizing the mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="42D35656-DFDD-4D09-BC5A-C684862FA820" TEXT="Symbols" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="F976F26C-EAD5-48AD-BBD4-E7C024A638E2" TEXT="e.g., Nike swoosh" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="59346BBA-918D-42BC-B6FE-5CCC12E2B1AB" TEXT="Slogans" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="CA316016-7433-4E7A-A0CC-6E21F9000928" TEXT="Names" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="E8EE71D7-631A-4593-8DE0-9C6A93B71844" TEXT="Personal Names" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="4187E055-C297-4627-B0E7-72337CD41A4D" TEXT="surnames, first names, and combinations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="4AE29F6A-E34F-4313-AD75-6EDF53CF1152" TEXT="must be used in commerce as source indicator" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="33AB8D1B-37C0-4C37-BEED-EDBAE135D9AA" TEXT="Common Law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="99EBA5BF-2DE5-4EA3-BC31-D8BA1716DDF3" TEXT="Majority rule:  can be protected only upon a showing of SM" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="32B464F7-1ABE-41E5-A6E1-659CE763D69F" TEXT="Policy basis" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1473947198000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="F18DA721-9308-4768-BA46-952F1BE6BF6D" TEXT="1. protection of a name without SM may prevent other persons with same name from using it" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="8709ED5E-C2BE-4211-BE2D-DB6D36DFB473" TEXT="2.  May also deprive public of useful information:  identity of provider" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="ADBEAEAC-0432-497E-B784-22800F7FFBAC" TEXT="3. consumers aware that some names are common will not be confused if two different persons with the same name both use it in their businesses" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="BF6777D1-4316-4900-9181-9F8E70862B78" TEXT="Minority:  if the policies underlying the traditional rule are not implicated, a name can be inherently distinctive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="A16400F9-440C-4D90-8E20-50A660FCF37E" TEXT="Peaceable Planet (CA7 2004)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="B73A57AE-D52B-4C9F-9537-8327D0A788E3" TEXT="Lanham Act" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="764F1589-C1A3-4557-BA89-3DB542F8A173" TEXT="while surnames are registrable only with SM, two-part personal names are registrable without SM" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="83D223F6-267D-47A5-92EA-F82DC8AE0496" TEXT="examples of registered personal names" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="2A9FDDF7-7AA4-4D8D-9855-3C80651327E0" TEXT="Billy Joel" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="B5033348-BDA8-4B30-8A03-38B1739578D4" TEXT="Johnny Carson" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="ADB5AB5B-2EF6-42FD-AECC-76FAB9C546E5" TEXT="Madonna" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="DB6F2129-DF8D-447D-AC28-8F5AA4F0572C" TEXT="The artist formerly known as Prince" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="D754C8FA-3419-4FC2-A256-2C135F454D60" TEXT="DKNY" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="B74199BF-431C-46C7-BCBF-14EC4F1DC77D" TEXT="Dan Marino&#x2019;s American Sports Bar &amp; Grill" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="0EF9EFD8-67CB-47B5-97B6-F01611BEA892" TEXT="O.J. Simpson/ O.J./ Team O.J. Justice for All" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="5102DBB6-54DE-47EF-A496-804F84BA038C" TEXT="Names of other &#10;living persons" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="26D94398-F8C8-4A7A-BD0B-E37672038865" TEXT="cannot be registered without their consent-- LA 2(c)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="B8BC0766-15B5-45F5-8DBF-B209FFF551E8" TEXT="Celebrity Likenesses" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="E448A6B4-CF4D-40E1-88E6-B2DA773C238D" TEXT="iff consistently used as a source indicator" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="60121F3E-CC79-4E64-BB17-DC88F30F9EF0" TEXT="Estate of Presley (DNJ 1981)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="9EF64485-45C4-42B3-8E05-0B55EDF22021" TEXT="protected features:  face, voice, pose" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="7056BF95-7D9F-4E71-9075-ADBFAD1D3ADB" TEXT="e.g., ETW (CA6 2003)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="2793C410-7685-406F-908C-2640B201F0A5" TEXT="cousin of state-law right of publicity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="6096BA02-07C2-4C00-AEE2-999E41938BCB" TEXT="Sounds" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="80933736-58EA-4EBD-AE7B-089EC7E65A20" TEXT="examples" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="FDEF8A51-5193-4F52-90F0-1E481F5FB4E8" TEXT="light saber" LINK="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhNx97LYg_8" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1473857332000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="1C88EAA0-4A4B-4B52-BA73-762FF0AA1024" TEXT="Law &amp; Order" LINK="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OlCVNn9ZeY" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1473857358000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="33AAB400-3C4D-4891-A6AD-DA7DD4F70F91" TEXT="MGM lion" LINK="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVEflECtfBM" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1473857380000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="15B1E45F-64DA-4E55-B873-F843AC8470F4" TEXT="NBC" LINK="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rP6Z86iDFjU" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1473857451000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="AB8E02A3-DDE8-4232-ACC4-2B0CF461CF7E" TEXT="Intel" LINK="https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&amp;v=Sm2Hbjx_W3I" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1473857498000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="7BB3C776-7691-44D3-881B-95EC5B65B8A3" TEXT="LucasFilm THX Deep Note" LINK="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWkJ86JqlPA" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1473857532000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="A26B6D8A-814D-4095-B043-A4F0F7459834" TEXT="Smells" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="50B2785E-129F-41D6-9EE6-6B34DA8996FB" TEXT="Colors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="58759824-D2CB-4393-83FF-78D562E57D91" TEXT="color combinations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="59C38F11-6738-4A72-9057-CAFCE8C6709B" TEXT="Smack Apparel (2008)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="74B78AD8-3FD5-4AFD-BA98-734FE563DE08" TEXT="single colors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="300C67F6-7D95-4C03-B814-8A5A7FA2C742" TEXT="in US, can serve as TMs if claimant can show secondary meaning" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="13F95504-4DE8-4A4D-8231-87020D2D81B7" TEXT="Qualitex" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="A11EC698-56EB-4BDE-8715-5C42750A3F55" TEXT="In EU, recognized as source indicators only in exceptional circumstances" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="EE594DA0-3528-4C8E-84BF-E29660C20BB1" TEXT="Tastes" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="027E32FE-BD66-4948-9C3B-AB93DEBC5DE0" TEXT="Invented Ingredients" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="A5FBD397-F96D-42E1-A4ED-D488186DB7FA" TEXT="Location of Labels" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="270F0466-A428-4B0B-BBAE-246B5FF47FC7" TEXT="Examples" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/LabelLocation.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1473857582000" MODIFIED="1473857629000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="94920D52-C401-45CB-A797-A7B8F46E4AB7" TEXT="Fictional characters" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="8CACC062-C4D0-437F-9AD6-C956B4639176" TEXT="protectable provided they have come to designate a source" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="477585FC-A2A9-4FA8-B9B0-105F1E9E9B09" TEXT="examples" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="B785CC4A-EDEE-4C30-87EC-E02DA1D900CB" TEXT="Mutt &amp; Jeff" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="6E5B2AE6-B7E9-4730-B34A-1744B7A3645A" TEXT="Tarzan" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="55EF194E-C679-4026-AC3C-D23BDF92EDCB" TEXT="Mickey Mouse" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="6C372B21-8FD1-4537-AA40-CB2FD4072524" TEXT="James Bond" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="474CBB14-4A58-48A5-BFF0-88991A126B7F" TEXT="in rare circumstances, treated as inherently distinctive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="5F2651F8-2B84-4121-BB25-7CC979A185B5" TEXT="example" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="9BF6FC1A-080F-4DC4-8997-CFFB35C55AC4" TEXT="Arthur the Aardvark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="BF944CC6-D9A6-4DDB-8EAE-A598F8EDA3FB" TEXT="Brown (EDNY 1999)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="9CDBEB6C-89B7-4843-B3CD-975E7CD6D9AA" TEXT="Trade Dress" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="776E90E4-B790-45F6-ADE1-A368CC595DD1" TEXT="Definitions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="E547E78A-2E45-4E43-8B56-5F74348231C5" TEXT="Blue Bell (CA5 1989):  trade dress of a product is essentially its total image and overall appearance" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="93475D9E-F6CF-43B6-9417-D228EB92BD58" TEXT="may include such features as size, shape, color or color combinations, texture, graphics, or even particular sales techniques" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="174A00AA-2323-4BB1-A690-9D65D1215BD2" TEXT="Two Pesos:  includes the shape and general appearance of the exterior of the restaurant, the identifying sign, the interior kitchen floor plan, the decor, the menu, the equipment used to serve the food, the servers&#x2019; uniforms, and other features reflecting on the total image of the restaurant" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="7545232C-E912-4A1B-AF05-26EECF464140" TEXT="McNeil (2007):&#x201c;It is &quot;the total image or overall appearance of a product, and includes, but is not limited to, such features as size, shape, color or color combinations, texture, graphics, or even a particular sales technique.&quot; Rose Art Indus., Inc. v. Swanson, 235 F.3d 165, 171 (3d Cir. 2000).&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="0A32CA3F-DC43-4391-B9C0-FF4362593A76" TEXT="Types" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="3FAA1348-27BD-4011-B80C-6CE2029187D3" TEXT="product packaging" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="E58FB590-92E6-4B9D-B590-8769A892FFDE" TEXT="product configuration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="E0997B5B-2449-4894-846E-F9F6CF8C559A" TEXT="evolution of legal treatment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="1F2543AC-1AD2-4AAE-857B-174CFC615B15" TEXT="Buildings" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="BA40858D-892F-4D5E-A9AA-5BAD4825223F" TEXT="White Castle (CA6 1937)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="CC045F2B-DDB4-4EE8-A247-CD4755A785F0" TEXT="Geographic Terms" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="C806E02D-0496-4E1D-A339-7DCCDDF912A6" TEXT="Used as Ordinary TMs" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/GeographicTerms.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1473857732000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="B2FF260C-BD74-4633-BB62-FAFA54CC35CB" TEXT="Identify a particular supplier of a good or service" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="242B1FBE-2A06-4C7A-AA46-C870CA6778AF" TEXT="Standard distinctiveness hierarchy applies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="1945DDC3-7036-465B-8E56-B50968666E7C" TEXT="Standard grounds for exclusion apply (see below)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="C7818FC8-CB10-46D6-9429-E561D7A56B7D" TEXT="Geographical Indications" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="3AB54CE4-E656-43F1-9C6F-7FD3ABB2ACC0" TEXT="Geographic term used to indicate a region from which products supplied by various firms derive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="7664C0DC-420B-41E6-A0B4-FE75D73B93A5" TEXT="US System:  Certification Marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="39843FE6-2C18-403F-B234-2C79B9E1FDBA" TEXT="example:  California Milk" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/GeographicCertificationMarks.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1473857838000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="570AEAEB-E974-4158-91EA-99432741F2E0" TEXT="French System: AOC" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="AED27F97-381C-47E7-A447-77F0F12E5EB7" TEXT="example:  Roquefort cheese" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="190BC0FA-7E35-4933-937C-032652947D75" TEXT="images" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/AOs.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1473857943000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="35A6C392-2803-47E9-8014-3C74E4A2E336" TEXT="AOC regulations" LINK="http://www2.inao.gouv.fr/public/produits/showTexte.php?ID_TEXTE_CONSOLIDE=791" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1473858025000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="A35AB6D6-EA1A-49DF-87D0-F29A9B279C0C" TEXT="WIPO Registration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="E4251577-87F6-47C2-AC26-FDB52AC2380C" TEXT="International Regime" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="B0E59CD2-42DA-4242-98F9-2B9D21E1C35F" TEXT="Lisbon Agreement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="5CCAE647-D98D-4302-846B-B81BD5784F28" TEXT="see &quot;International Framework&quot; above" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="332BF1D0-DAAA-4A3A-A4AB-C905397705A6" TEXT="example:  Pisco" LINK="http://www.wipo.int/branddb/en/showData.jsp?SOURCE=LIS&amp;STATUS=ACT&amp;KEY=865&amp;LANG=en&amp;NO=0&amp;TOT=1" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1473858100000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="550EB5EB-53E6-47E0-A62B-90362F357801" TEXT="TRIPS Arts. 22-24" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="1B118676-26B6-40D5-A6B9-5031FF9637D2" TEXT="see &quot;International Framework&quot; above" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="DD559E24-4310-4A2B-9BC2-0CE6B098F8CB" TEXT="Grounds for Exclusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="017BB824-8D51-4057-9088-38559D646930" TEXT="Functionality" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="CF40DD95-5531-4132-B1E9-AD5173B9617C" TEXT="Marks are unprotectable if functional" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="FAC3A897-EB42-44E5-9EA9-9E844C1F94EC" TEXT="LA 2(e)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="0398093F-5B64-4137-B1F5-F3FCA88CEF2E" TEXT="Tests" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474032369000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="B31990FB-5D23-4D04-9E4E-7641D73DB56B" TEXT="Qualitex (US 1995)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="5BE27233-EF96-4626-991F-CAC134D900FB" TEXT="This Court consequently has explained that, &quot;[i]n general terms, a product feature is functional,&quot; and cannot serve as a trademark, &quot;if it is essential to the use or purpose of the article or if it affects the cost or quality of the article,&quot; that is, if exclusive use of the feature would put competitors at a significant non-reputation related disadvantage. [Inwood]" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1474031206000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="0713B732-155A-4F33-AFE6-C64969ADA809" TEXT="Disc Golf (CA9 1998)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1474032409000" MODIFIED="1474032422000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="D751BB48-C601-4088-9F03-FFAFCAB6EB05" TEXT="Consider 4 factors (none of which is decisive):" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1474032502000" MODIFIED="1474032518000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="9B1E0CA7-0EEF-49E8-8802-89C12C9C6A49" TEXT="(1) whether the design yields a utilitarian advantage, " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1474032522000" MODIFIED="1474032539000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="8305B265-CEAD-4548-A0A5-3BC0DA205246" TEXT="(2) whether alternative designs are available, " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1474032539000" MODIFIED="1474032548000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="ACE0476B-F6AB-4D84-B8CB-4FC292EAD593" TEXT="(3) whether advertising touts the utilitarian advantages of the design, and " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1474032548000" MODIFIED="1474032559000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="0A2C970E-B2BD-48EB-8FEA-0C202954321B" TEXT="(4) whether the particular design results from a comparatively simple or inexpensive method of manufacture." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1474032560000" MODIFIED="1474032580000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="78176E84-F3F0-416D-AECB-193A0CA090A7" TEXT="TrafFix (US 2001)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="84E44888-D4A7-4520-A74E-A9FEB2C289D7" TEXT="Essential to use or purpose, or" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="694D0AB2-3A4B-4DC5-982A-3220C8546847" TEXT="Affects cost or quality, or" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="8B3D504C-F4AC-4B52-AB8E-3531BFB027E0" TEXT="Exclusive use of it would put &#10;competitors at non-reputation &#10;related disadvantage" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="2655183E-51B6-408B-A750-7C8FA836DB39" TEXT="Branches" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="1305ACFE-8577-4D02-A4B2-38C3270A546D" TEXT="utilitarian functionality" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="C67E9063-571B-413A-B094-E890E46B87E6" TEXT="expired utility patent (whose claims cover the design feature at issue) is &#x201c;strong evidence&#x201d; of functionality &#x2014; TrafFix (2001)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1474031227000" MODIFIED="1474031293000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="A97BF46A-DB3F-414D-8932-3A0622506479" TEXT="aesthetic functionality" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="3F607371-8EEC-4A9B-B18D-DC32E54CD768" TEXT="Automotive Gold v. VW  (CA9 2006)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="DF5C09A8-2392-420E-96F6-EEFAF6BC2803" TEXT="Mere fact that the mark is the benefit consumers want to purchase does not make it functional  " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="37398E22-7700-48A9-9EFF-79CBEE0E103A" TEXT="Louboutin (CA2 2012)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="B3DE767C-AE89-4310-8EEA-23EA62B2176C" TEXT="Conflicts with Existing Marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="0D154FEA-F6D5-4206-9F15-E4650C5AF62F" TEXT="Mark cannot be registered if likely to cause confusion with existing mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="5C6FA725-ED39-4ED1-BF51-E577845A3FD8" TEXT="LA 2(d)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="9E4D3323-0C1D-4FCA-83A8-F99AD1DF5EF3" TEXT="Mark cannot be registered if it is likely to cause dilution of an existing famous mark" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="1B60CBB1-5F40-4E86-B84A-453B780D7685" TEXT="essential that the existing mark became famous prior to first use of the mark in question" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="2B8E3EA1-FF0D-4696-BCD1-48830552379B" TEXT="Fraud" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="BC6FC620-2149-4E18-93B2-16AFD160236D" TEXT="applicant knowingly makes a false, material representation of fact in connection with application" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="71A8786A-97A1-4A0D-B4FC-008FCEF4FCC9" TEXT="Hornby (2008)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="022853C3-A431-46DC-8E25-88A099EF19BC" TEXT="Deception" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="C3493697-F050-410F-828D-EFEC1B244999" TEXT="deceptive marks cannot be registered" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="6BF09100-11C0-4702-8BAD-6F71CF0A977D" TEXT="LA 2(a)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="928C4DFD-BD40-4111-A84D-1C2A55CC8710" TEXT="definition" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="277B33CA-27DD-47DE-9037-9505FE8770F8" TEXT="Mark misdescribes the goods to which it is attached" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="2D5BFD76-B5A3-47D2-B650-40B5B657EA78" TEXT="Consumers are likely to believe the description is accurate" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="80AB7A57-6C36-4E35-B6AA-2A1377EB218F" TEXT="The misdescription is likely to affect consumers&#x2019; decisions to purchase the goods" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="98D96E7A-11DC-471B-9FAA-0367126A13E2" TEXT="deceptively misdescriptive marks may be registered iff have acquired SM" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="D3DE6589-9901-4B69-8407-C970183CF067" TEXT="LA 2(e), (f)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="1ECF9886-3097-4E3B-B4CA-7720D9BF63A1" TEXT="definition" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="B40E14BF-2A16-4032-AD29-7DA5719557F0" TEXT="Mark misdescribes the goods &#10;to which it is attached" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="436D09DF-482E-4F74-AFAC-C89408A92285" TEXT="Consumers are likely to believe&#10; the description is accurate" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="A496E2A2-D032-497D-A139-A447506BDF79" TEXT="primarily geographically deceptively misdescriptive marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="31DD3854-1C95-48DE-8AA8-4A531A3CCE0C" TEXT="now cannot be registered even &#10;if they have acquired SM" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="495CEB5B-EF9F-4490-AA05-819EB3738DEE" TEXT="permissible before 12/9/93 (NAFTA), &#10;but with different definition" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="B4176331-9630-4073-B0C8-ADBBD80E5FF2" TEXT="current definition&#10;(California Innovations --&#10;CAFC 2003)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="2BCD7990-32E8-4AE3-B57E-2952517BEFD8" TEXT="(1) mark has as its primary significance a generally known geographic place" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="D5916F91-C6FA-44D2-9E0E-A40734781BAE" TEXT="(2) mark identifies products that consumers are likely to believe mistakenly are connected with that place" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="BA471D42-F57A-44E8-B5B8-70166DF1B3D5" TEXT="(3) misdescription will likely be a significant factor in consumers' decisions" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="7A39E8CB-D692-4997-9EDD-FBBD6EDB4B07" TEXT="so construed, this rule is superfluous" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="A6DC7A1C-262F-4C23-BFFB-5D7A0BD6A935" TEXT="because a mark that meets this definition would be considered &quot;deceptive&quot; in any case" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="C8422CA5-ADDD-414C-99D3-1D2A77D93492" TEXT="special rule for geographical indications" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="3A84A1EA-1CBC-4880-A125-937AAAC94057" TEXT="LA 2(a):  No trademark by which the goods of the applicant may be distinguished from the goods of others shall be refused registration on the principal register on account of its nature unless it&#x2014;(a) Consists of or comprises ... a geographical indication which, when used on or in connection with wines or spirits, identifies a place other than the origin of the goods and is first used on or in connection with wines or spirits by the applicant on or after one year after the date on which the WTO Agreement enters into force with respect to the United States." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="5253E23A-AF2A-4FD9-8CEA-85CEE95A0EE4" TEXT="False Suggestion of a Connection" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="9F22EC16-E9A6-4E37-AA98-450B5B312ED7" TEXT="Hornby (TTAB 2008)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="D781654B-8195-4A09-9F40-DC99F4427461" TEXT="Disparaging" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="CF7807F2-5CEA-4F8B-A64E-2D94DF0E3341" TEXT="Registered Marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="B2A6DE14-A41F-4DD3-A07F-4ADCBF0B131F" TEXT="LA 2(a)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="A88C45AB-4359-4939-B515-7525597A2A00" TEXT="No trademark by which the goods of the applicant may be distinguished from the goods of others shall be refused registration on the principal register on account of its nature unless it&#x2014; (a) Consists of or comprises &#x2026; matter which may disparage ... persons, living or dead, institutions, beliefs, or national symbols, or bring them into contempt, or disrepute" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="0602A00A-5FA0-4D9C-BFFB-7D352D055894" TEXT="Lebanese Arak (2010)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="D3691FA8-A89C-4C29-BB34-6B256B5BB4E1" TEXT="Blackhorse (2013)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="31E461C5-0E00-4A88-888C-6B47E2E927A0" TEXT="In re Tam (2015) eliminates this ground of exclusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1473253923000" MODIFIED="1473253956000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FF0000" /></node><node ID="D8BBA186-3A47-4566-9C95-3A9A403A2781" TEXT="Treatment of ethnic mascots (Clarkson)" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/Clarkson%20Mascots.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1473858249000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="A1326976-948A-46F8-A10B-9B6B2014AD19" TEXT="Unregistered Marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="96739537-6311-4661-B94C-17867840DCEE" TEXT="perhaps still possible to recover under 43(a) or common law?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1473858378000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node><node ID="C2FCD67D-0E1C-4DA4-98F9-DE01CB7856BF" TEXT="Immoral or Scandalous" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="AE8FD2D5-4941-4A78-9C68-3DD6AA68528C" TEXT="Registered Marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="B6D066B9-3F41-4419-BA75-A28BCBF3F797" TEXT="LA 2(a):  No trademark by which the goods of the applicant may be distinguished from the goods of others shall be refused registration on the principal register on account of its nature unless it&#x2014; (a) Consists of or comprises immoral &#x2026; or scandalous matter&#x2026;." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="D03FF911-9E6B-4BC8-BF57-65F5F3A66160" TEXT="Tests" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="5967ACB3-4359-4692-8094-8A489AB9E001" TEXT="McGinley (1981):  Does the mark give &#10;offense to the conscience or moral feelings of a substantial portion of the public?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="598540F8-8763-4685-B1C6-6E9FE14C54D5" TEXT="Old Glory (1993):  consider &#x201c;seriousness of purpose&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="A7A0E3A4-1454-4DFC-B6BF-6E1C82E0B67B" TEXT="Mavety (CAFC 1994):  &#x201c;the PTO must demonstrate that the mark is &quot;shocking to the sense of truth, decency, or propriety; disgraceful; offensive; disreputable; . . . giving offense to the conscience or moral feelings; . . . [or] calling out [for] condemnation.&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="C523749B-27C8-44B3-8204-1CAFCFE8A9BA" TEXT="Wilcher (TTAB 1996):  Would the mark be &quot;offensive to the conscience or moral feelings of a substantial composite of the general public&quot;?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="61A79D5A-2BFB-41F5-9A84-5BCA32D46F98" TEXT="Boulevard Entertainment (CAFC 2003):  Consider changing social mores and sensitivities" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="773F728B-0E20-40F2-8123-2F90F9B3BDCD" TEXT="examples" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="68A0D892-332A-4298-8F38-59E7165CBD75" TEXT="may not be registered" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="0BC47334-4882-4899-9305-9B5E2FBBD429" TEXT="Mark depicting a nude heterosexual couple embracing in a fashion that appeared to expose male genitals" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="B2079076-485A-4B29-8BF2-28F1DE7B14A1" TEXT="&#x201c;Dick Heads&#x2019;&#x201d; for Richard Heads' Bar &amp; Restaurant" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="155194FB-9E46-4CDC-AED6-66983B981F28" TEXT="&quot;Bubby Trap&quot; for brassieres" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="B93B098A-DD2F-4553-B941-C0FAC96DBF13" TEXT="image of defecating dog" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="98446CB3-91EC-4FF5-96D5-1798D79ACDBB" TEXT="&quot;Jack-Off&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="DCE6264E-F8E1-466D-BF0D-4F80B3B54B29" TEXT="&quot;Madonna&quot; for wine" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node><node ID="F1A73177-9EB0-4BD7-B31B-52DF8762C20A" TEXT="may be registered" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="9D021995-028C-4680-9503-FB3F47691790" TEXT="&#x201c;Moonies&#x201d; for dolls that drop their pants" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="7FCA3314-8128-483D-87F0-62EEB961A7CA" TEXT="Pictorial representation of a condom decorated with Stars and Stripes" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node><node ID="DBB402CD-55D8-44FB-820A-26BA856268DD" TEXT="&#x201c;Black Tail&#x201d; for adult entertainment magazine featuring African-American women" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="19879A48-C971-4768-89FB-B52EB22C5E78" TEXT="Unregistered Marks" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /><node ID="EF2F2D82-30F4-496D-898C-D09583C8A407" TEXT="perhaps still possible to recover under 43(a) or common law?" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1473858359000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2B2FE" /></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="7B6A2503-F462-4BCF-BB94-CFBF705D5471" TEXT="II. Acquiring Protection" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" POSITION="left" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="17B46F66-74AD-46FD-99D9-A94146114918" TEXT="Registration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="BD30CEBA-F741-4D7B-B4A2-7853FFD85A59" TEXT="Not essential for TM protection" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="C4D287D4-9AED-47F4-BEE3-52E31E6546EF" TEXT="unregistered marks get common-law protection" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="5A3952A1-7462-4A82-9EE8-C1B8E7C056E9" TEXT="unregistered marks are protected by LA 43(a)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="79FFA8A8-FFE7-4485-919C-4B85CD7260C4" TEXT="Benefits of Registration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="FE36DCD5-2B27-4F79-949E-0EE0C8C5BDD2" TEXT="(a) provides others constructive notice of registrant&#x2019;s claim" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E389295F-0A74-46D9-8340-9FB6E2403FB8" TEXT="(b) nationwide constructive use as of date of application" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="9424AEAD-3C20-4E86-90AE-4DC83ACF052A" TEXT="(c) prima facie evidence of exclusive right to use the mark in connection with the goods or services named in the application" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="968B5EAD-0A85-44A9-B0D5-D4F8A26166CE" TEXT="some courts hold that this merely shifts burden to D to challenge validity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="84F57DCB-F421-463B-8E5F-DEFBA8553FD8" TEXT="CA2, CA4, and CA9 hold that registration creates &quot;strong presumption of validity&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="71655729-7194-44B1-A1ED-C1F39C07CE8F" TEXT="(d) right to bring suit in federal court without regard to diversity of citizenship" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="17BC05C0-B8E6-4213-A52F-8CB3DBC0B2C6" TEXT="(e) right to invoke aid of Customs Service -- e.g., grey market goods " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="EBA00505-A3BF-4ACB-A1B8-CD0337D23005" TEXT="(f) more generous remedies -- e.g., treble damages and attorneys fees" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="697A023F-FD23-4DF2-A22A-F3608873FD96" TEXT="(g) access to incontestability doctrine" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="EC241582-CC69-45D6-9C32-C44B4662713B" TEXT="Paths to Registration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="D576831E-72F9-44E6-84BD-C01279C4075F" TEXT="1. Current Use in Commerce (LA 1(a))" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="44EE98FC-8BE7-4506-B0C9-B270EF3EFE43" TEXT="Registration Procedures" LINK="https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/IP/TM%20Procedures.pdf" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475070849000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="140BDEF5-4452-48AA-AEFB-3194444C4141" TEXT="2. Intent-to-Use (ITU) Applications (LA 1(b))" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="5F82AA5C-577B-433A-9098-342AFA48EE3C" TEXT="applicant may secure priority date by filing ITU application, then engaging in use in commerce within 6 months, then filing certificate" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="C1249488-74DA-4D89-8CAA-3D1D10FF8085" TEXT="can get extensions for up to 3 years for good cause" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="7707E961-A5CA-4129-8452-B65017A9E52E" TEXT="option available since 11/16/1989" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="E315ABDF-EEA6-439F-AC59-ED09D2F65551" TEXT="has led to many speculative filings" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="28600C81-1EBA-4BFC-A1EA-69059E0F0A76" TEXT="e.g., &quot;Seal Team 6&quot;" LINK="http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=85310970&amp;caseType=SERIAL_NO&amp;searchType=statusSearch" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475070973000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="F832065B-F39C-4947-B2C6-15E651F46FAB" TEXT="3. Foreign Applications (LA 44(d))" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="66047D2B-9FCF-4B2C-88FB-F2685D6DC278" TEXT="nationals of treaty partners or countries providing reciprocity may file US TM application within 6 months of foreign application + intent-to-use statement" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="7C8351E5-CC8B-47F2-940B-26733D9C2831" TEXT="US registration granted upon either:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="63D0ED26-825E-4D68-87B8-26104124B4A3" TEXT="use in commerce in US, or" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="D7F12F88-22D7-43E2-A38E-85D872B8E122" TEXT="foreign registration granted" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="EEE0CEE3-4CBF-434B-B9E3-E995980E9CE4" TEXT="may maintain US registration for up to 6 years, even without any use in the US or elsewhere" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="7A5DD094-2D5F-4D81-8CEF-676E56A0D3AE" TEXT="priority date = date of foreign application" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="0CD7AD98-7832-4489-868E-3998BC2E9B40" TEXT="4. Foreign Registrations (LA 44(e))  " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="DF040F7A-5AB3-46D4-A7ED-9150EF22D923" TEXT="nationals of treaty partners or countries providing reciprocity may file US TM application based upon registration of the mark in applicant's country of origin" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="670DF90B-FFF8-4CE2-A80E-C58FE420BF50" TEXT="5. Madrid Protocol (LA 66(a))" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="A5EDE808-218F-444C-90BC-86317298483E" TEXT="see International Framework (above)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="65B33659-82D0-4203-8E8A-5BD376713847" TEXT="available since Nov. 2, 2003" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="8D8693B3-D194-4BF9-8672-2671236C2B75" TEXT="Use" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="BB87B6F2-DED7-41E2-A1BA-F4C351D97299" TEXT="General principle of US TM law:  one must use a mark in the US to acquire rights to it" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="D2971C78-3147-4B71-B599-54D1478DA6C9" TEXT="Common Law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2152765C-4B53-4CA4-9010-0F3413654103" TEXT="&quot;Use in Trade&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="21317CCE-E63A-470D-ACAA-6D8BF80BD51A" TEXT="Blue Bell (CA5 1975)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="BF43EFE0-5457-491A-8269-48B719BD7653" TEXT="bona fide use of the mark in connection with offering goods or services to the public" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="EB7FE400-0970-47C0-961D-8A972C02E7EA" TEXT="publicity or solicitation *may* be sufficient if combined with intent to use" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475146889000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="623DDCCB-C62D-4CC5-B36D-63CF75E78CCD" TEXT="Lanham Act" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="0284553F-42D3-4EF7-BC1E-658244E83E97" TEXT="&quot;Use in Commerce&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="0CE3F956-EB80-4060-A8DC-A704F5AE9856" TEXT="interstate commerce" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="5F21BB93-DE19-495D-94FE-A29847C4223F" TEXT="intrastate commerce that affects interstate commerce" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B2C8DD09-895E-4835-8918-BCD55A530CBD" TEXT="e.g., restaurants with interstate clientele" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="A89DFFB2-0645-4776-B7FF-4455D06C461F" TEXT="commerce with other countries" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="3FA08C03-7918-463A-9E97-69A1D1B02715" TEXT="commerce with &quot;Indian Tribes&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="C65FA7FE-74FF-4B9D-836E-75DE9E962DAB" TEXT="Unregistered Marks (43(a))" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="298B6424-151D-4F57-8BF3-4A6F4B558E14" TEXT="Common-law standards apply" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="3F663ECD-F1C9-45CC-9C92-A30639B485D8" TEXT="advertising and promotion is sufficient if (a) occurs within a commercially reasonable time prior to sales or service and (b) is sufficient to create an association among mark, goods/service, and user" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="7EE2BD5A-3C74-4968-BC00-B4D485C316AB" TEXT="Requirements for Registration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="A52491D8-A2C5-4005-B218-123A91CE5B23" TEXT="pre-1989" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="405FA18B-BE1D-4B30-9B88-E40B2A0752E0" TEXT="&quot;token use&quot; was deemed sufficient for registration" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475145134000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="68CC883B-E4D5-4001-805A-BA5D89D6DB14" TEXT="but exactly how much use was necessary was contested" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="DD25D40D-7C6C-4D26-AFDB-80E5B76D7CFD" TEXT="TM Registration Maintenance Programs" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="AA918734-80A4-48BF-8D38-404B7C513AA6" TEXT="division among the circuit courts concerning validity" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="37AE1A3B-F850-4F92-8BAF-0B4AE4273A2F" TEXT="Influential opinion in Proctor &amp; Gamble (SDNY 1979) adopts intermediate position" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="A3494FDA-6404-4C7A-BD26-13B8A6F713D5" TEXT="post-1989" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9AB22D1A-1A98-4584-8355-98CDE1741E61" TEXT="The availability of the ITU option (see above) has prompted courts to tighten &quot;actual use&quot; requirements" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="81A4E6C6-7074-4088-AA96-532246B410E9" TEXT="Goods" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9BF7B1BB-0DDE-4CB7-921F-5BD7F93A947B" TEXT="mark must be placed on goods themselves, containers, displays, tags, or (if infeasible) documents" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="989930B0-F846-4FA4-A44C-2DF017CC8FEE" TEXT="goods must be sold (to customers) or transported (visibly) in commerce" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="4BCB5BDD-1374-4BB1-BC0B-5B2A92845705" TEXT="e.g., interstate shipments of drugs to clinicians for use in clinical trials is sufficient, even though drugs are not yet approved for sale to public" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="9BB31267-F7CA-4214-B1E1-B19A85D7D2BE" TEXT="For-profit use is not necessary" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="EA57A94D-A198-4B7E-AAB9-167A46F8D4D3" TEXT="Nonprofit sales of goods or services sufficient" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="D35D0AD8-2DC8-4CEC-8D04-6A5573384D79" TEXT="Services" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="1C076C85-0289-4BD5-A957-D8857B56B7AA" TEXT="mark must be used or displayed in the advertising of services, and the services themselves rendered in commerce" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="8DFB4487-1615-4D13-B619-A3B8578E3A4B" TEXT="advertising for service that has not yet begun is not sufficient" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="279EB33A-0A89-49B2-952A-66ECCBCC5706" TEXT="Aycock (CAFC 2009) (interpreting both pre-1989 and post-1989 standards)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475147603000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="26AC3DD9-68E6-4623-9CBD-75A85013713A" TEXT="Foreign Use" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="0BB97E5A-3E37-482E-947E-C737028DA44F" TEXT="ordinarily, use of a mark outside the US does not count, even if advertising of the goods or services spills into US" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="ABFDFBE3-C3EB-407E-9652-0618FFB262E6" TEXT="e.g., Mother's Restaurant (CA2 1998)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="4F429112-6255-4A84-9682-949CA05423B5" TEXT="But a few courts define &quot;use in commerce&quot; broadly enough to encompass foreign services provided to US residents" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="35BBE7C5-5A1A-4BCC-8685-8464F1DB03BC" TEXT="e.g., International Bancorp. (CA4 2003)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="894712B1-5EE1-41DA-80F4-C8ABDAE1B089" TEXT="sufficient if the foreign company both provides services to visitors from US and advertises in the US" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="8C84F45A-89AA-48FB-96FB-FBC865B6D381" TEXT="And some courts will recognize foreign use if it causes the mark to become &quot;famous&quot; or &quot;well known&quot; to US customers" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="52FC979D-E53A-4347-BB84-CB608DCAAD61" TEXT="at common law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="BD232E31-3FB3-42F3-9A8A-60EEE9500862" TEXT="Maison Prunier (1936)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="7D689E77-EC82-4D35-9437-CCAA4B0DAC4B" TEXT="Vaudable (1959)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="5E8261AB-89BD-43B4-A260-3ABEACDF9626" TEXT="Punchgini (NY 2007)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="27C91894-1C6E-479E-8DAE-82984B0E95B8" TEXT="under Lanham Act -- circuit split" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="11535623-09AB-4E11-8F31-BA034DF249BF" TEXT="Grupo Gigante (CA9 2004)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="98A2DB9A-2996-4F51-994F-913526C95615" TEXT="Punchgini (CA2 2008)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="91678533-BD3B-4CCA-979F-F414A74FA54C" TEXT="unclear whether this equivocal recognition of famous marks is sufficient to comply with TRIPS article 16.2" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="2CCDCFFB-6E8F-4143-8680-23130FE35860" TEXT="Priority Fights" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="95321B8E-6ABD-404F-B788-8B87A9F55363" TEXT="General Principle:  First in Time, First in Right" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="CCA46E10-4E93-431E-B5A7-4E81B1A277BE" TEXT="When priority is based on use, geographic scope of right includes:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="4BF3FC47-FC68-44DE-9AD5-2FACECB9E9A0" TEXT="zone of actual use" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="3C88DE91-0B88-495E-BA41-DC8D886C7F31" TEXT="zone where one has established a reputation or business presence" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="5D7AF409-1899-46F9-87C1-2705A5DD5C84" TEXT="natural zone of expansion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="E99AEA22-2E49-4470-9278-F9931DC893A8" TEXT="contested doctrine" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="012AF190-2D8A-4C5B-896B-8A2901E9824D" TEXT="zone usually drawn narrowly" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="134C7C56-6173-4C48-A38E-B7CB40503096" TEXT="zone in which D deliberately trades on P's reputation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="7923E7AB-D82B-46C4-A68A-AEAA4D1248F0" TEXT="When priority is based on US registration, geographic scope includes entire nation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2C07F86C-F0A1-4AA2-80DB-3C80BE32EA8F" TEXT="Constructive notice" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="187349DC-AC3D-4447-AB4F-3D58D4474DC1" TEXT="Constructive nationwide use" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="9411736B-C540-4407-827A-3A8AA5A8EE7D" TEXT="retroactive to date of application" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="847BD5A1-45E6-45BF-84E4-252A5A490198" TEXT="Rights of pre-registration senior users" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="918DC86B-B6EE-46A4-8DF3-8948CB84B707" TEXT="prevail over registrant" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B26C16C7-2661-4E6D-B927-E8931F2F8956" TEXT="registration invalid if someone else has previously used the mark in commerce" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="0295B158-AB2E-4189-B12E-D23CC5FEC48B" TEXT="but PTO enjoys broad discretion under LA2(d) to grant concurrent registrations when senior user's use antedates application and no consumer confusion would result" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="D77AFC4A-42E4-49DA-9DD3-C1464BBA9994" TEXT="Rights of pre-registration junior users" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="2C456400-E8B2-4E4F-A7E3-7748F2964600" TEXT="junior user who has employed the mark continuously and in good faith gets &quot;limited area&quot; defense" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="0D1412A2-71E8-4546-AB26-65741838F409" TEXT="right to continue using the mark in the area where JU was using the mark at the time of registrant's application" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="B48617D4-DDB5-4C19-9F39-BB5C858ED3A4" TEXT="LA 33(b)(5)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="51C52C41-11E8-4A22-8D38-41619D4FE56B" TEXT="Rights of post-registration junior users" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="22D60F3E-ADA0-4338-917A-2B1A8D045BA7" TEXT="post-registration innocent junior user may continue to use mark if consumer confusion is unlikely; must stop when registrant expands operations into that area" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="B38AEF5A-DCBE-440B-919B-378E31160306" TEXT="spectrum of judicial interpretations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="D3FA7AEE-3C8F-43CC-80FD-65273A72174A" TEXT="leading case:  Dawn Donut (CA2 1959)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="5AB054BA-EA4A-4AB7-AFF2-A014950AED06" TEXT="registrant had long used &quot;Dawn&quot; for donuts in various parts of the country, but not Rochester" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="FF4A9823-A292-42A2-B7BD-323B4F852B52" TEXT="junior user adopts &quot;Dawn&quot; without actual knowledge of P's use" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="92DADBB7-C2D7-438A-99CA-2572FC842175" TEXT="no &quot;present likelihood&quot; of expansion into Rochester" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="4F835EA3-13AA-4914-9CE5-6623EB89F729" TEXT="thus no consumer confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="EDC2C7FF-DEA0-4297-B2CB-200485D90211" TEXT="initially, all circuits and some state courts follow Dawn Donut" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475145475000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="EDE827AB-4260-44FA-BEDB-9EB017D8A592" TEXT="CA3 adopted especially strict (pro-D) interpretation" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="35C58077-0AD6-412E-9368-5CE34692826C" TEXT="&quot;Holiday Inn&quot; in Virgin Islands" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="261B4C4D-F891-40C6-AFB2-EF5EC5774917" TEXT="P cannot secure an injunction until P actually begins construction in the junior user's region" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="976A5AC4-23F0-48CF-A59B-CFD5CED3B4EA" TEXT="A few courts are not drifting away from the rule, particularly with respect to goods marketed over the Internet" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475145550000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="6D4892EB-59BB-4133-8A75-E7FDD289E1D9" TEXT="Carmax (CA6 1999)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="492F03D1-FC3F-4301-8D11-0F2314FFB869" TEXT="likelihood of entry is just one of eight factors to determine likelihood of confusion" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node><node ID="421EEF6E-A127-4048-912C-954ACFEFD0FA" TEXT="Rebel Debutante (NC 2011)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1475146042000" MODIFIED="1475146055000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="64C64AD0-1692-4792-ABBE-1773E39BCA9A" TEXT="Members First (Pa.)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="7BB969EA-A889-403F-82C8-1D7B351DEB32" TEXT="Boldface Licensing (CD Cal. 2013)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1475145969000" MODIFIED="1475146036000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node><node ID="4F39F683-285A-4C35-A38B-588CDD75DFA6" TEXT="meanings of &quot;innocent&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="A2B7EF3B-9EF8-4421-9C76-DD52810BF570" TEXT="majority rule:  junior user is unaware of senior user's use" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node><node ID="DEE8D612-FCC1-4E0F-B752-7526FEE1BF3D" TEXT="minority rule: Junior user must not have &quot;designs inimical to the interest of the first user&quot; " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="DE3D3E0B-DFAF-45EA-96BE-5F60112B91B5" TEXT="GTE (CA10 1990)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="215C3E22-D638-4B8B-ADC4-3A63D7FB9C30" TEXT="Tacking" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /><node ID="20E6ADDF-321E-42D5-BDE3-64401B81BFBC" TEXT="If claimant's use of mark A precedes claimant&#x2019;s use of mark B, claimant can &quot;tack&quot; use of A to use of B iff the two marks appear indistinguishable to the public " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475146392000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#B2FFB2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="530E21AC-1929-4F04-BA45-FB83C4F8C120" TEXT="III. Losing Protection" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" POSITION="left" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="0BD2854B-7CA7-46FB-AECF-CAD3038CB683" TEXT="Abandonment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="E7E9A243-8A7A-4265-B8F9-567B77A226AE" TEXT="Nonuse" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="BBA5402C-5C88-46B1-B290-C108EE1C31C9" TEXT="Traditional Rule:  " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="EFAE4DA2-C22E-4D22-A590-3701BD9933A3" TEXT="Abandonment requires both nonuse and intent to abandon" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="F4C240B6-47FC-4C99-9740-A9E560604611" TEXT="See Gold Seal Associates (SDNY 1932) " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="C512C0A6-5E18-4E50-B973-EF3D8AA44595" TEXT="Parallels CL doctrine of abandonment for personal property" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="584A2405-892C-4AC8-BACC-84E05D9450B7" TEXT="need both deliberately leaving the object behind and intent to abandon" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="7B25D3C0-6704-4114-9E30-271CB6814FAA" TEXT="lapse of time without use may be evidence from which intent to abandon may be inferred, the strength of the inference being dependent upon the period of discontinuance, the cause of it, and other factors" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="904B8E5D-432D-4919-A196-73C97D4D5039" TEXT="But intent to relinquish must be shown" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="A76CAB22-5220-42C6-986E-5369C65139BB" TEXT="Applied:  As long as P is making efforts to keep the business going, no intent to abandon" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="80B6BEAE-D010-4BF2-9CF3-43A932BF53F1" TEXT="Current Rule: " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="E2913D9F-7394-4AF5-B95C-5EB3F92BE280" TEXT="LA 45" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1475754796000" MODIFIED="1475754806000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="86AEFF09-BA81-47FD-89F2-B1FCB30C6832" TEXT="A mark shall be deemed to be &quot;abandoned&quot; if either of the following occurs:&#10;(1) When its use has been discontinued with intent not to resume such use. Intent not to resume may be inferred from circumstances. Nonuse for 3 consecutive years shall be prima facie evidence of abandonment. &quot;Use&quot; of a mark means the bona fide use of such mark made in the ordinary course of trade, and not made merely to reserve a right in a mark&#x2026;." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1475754818000" MODIFIED="1475754862000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="B430DD7A-72B4-401B-970D-F9550DAE2F9A" TEXT=" Abandonment requires two things:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="E4C2489E-92CB-4975-B831-71BA331E13CB" TEXT="Nonuse" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="D18F3F97-8706-41DF-A7E9-B68263A4B457" TEXT="Intent not to resume" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475754795000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="31A811C8-6689-4748-9A80-574F3AC93E27" TEXT="3 years of nonuse (increased from 2 years per TRIPS) of federally registered mark constitutes prima facie abandonment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="0BD0F43E-D346-40B0-8617-4810BB62264D" TEXT="but it can be rebutted by proof of intent to resume use" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475754876000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="C019ED3F-7D97-4E64-885A-E0FBD636DDF4" TEXT="Cases" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="AA152575-CEE5-4550-BC58-DA6A8FBF871F" TEXT="Silverman (CA2 1989)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="3E192044-5F2F-403C-BD4A-A397850CE6FF" TEXT="Exxon (CA5 1983)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="1A790201-A445-4659-9758-8FF02F2815FD" TEXT="California Cedar (CA2 1984)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="A15BECC1-CA19-404E-880E-73EB35A4E096" TEXT="Changes in Product or Service" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="CD0B4BB0-3963-456E-AD2A-416825B54EDE" TEXT="transferring TM to different product or service is permissible if the old and new versions are &quot;closely related&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475672805000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="C0904D7D-8655-4EB0-874F-F5896F97ECA1" TEXT="test:  would consumers think that the new product is coming from the same source" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="3569F78F-9941-4539-99AE-4B5276D6502E" TEXT="sudden and substantial change in quality or composition may result in abandonment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="DC36A414-0F65-4053-B532-CB74BB98CECF" TEXT="but gradual and incremental changes in quality or composition are acceptable" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="70155026-C1CF-4C3C-B538-C5B3FBE6B7A6" TEXT="rationale:  consumers expect them" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="8BC75AD5-9A4B-48C7-BA15-0B47B229935B" TEXT="e.g., Marilyn Neutraceuticals (CA9 2009)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="3060F7B6-9AFF-4458-B8C3-2A7EDB321CFF" TEXT="Genericide" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="0AF6BD56-18DB-434E-83AA-B7DA1994E93B" TEXT="Test:  If the principal significance of a mark to the public is to indicate the nature or class of an article, rather than its source (i.e., the person or organization that produces it), then it&#x2019;s generic" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="4FA5C607-D82B-4B07-A021-A2464B1A385D" TEXT="it had lost its distinctiveness" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="EA7A05CF-E5A9-4A49-B36B-86AB4DB758EE" TEXT="other producers must be allowed to use it" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="29706E3E-0EE9-4FDB-A4C0-4C2B02907A26" TEXT="test refined by &#xa7;1064, reversing the AntiMonopoly decision (CA9 1982)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475762018000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="CA026643-4E05-4934-94F9-F243A122F938" TEXT="&#x201c;A petition to cancel a registration of a mark, stating the grounds relied upon, may, upon payment of the prescribed fee, be filed as follows by any person who believes that he is or will be damaged, &#x2026; (3) At any time if the registered mark becomes the generic name for the goods or services, or a portion thereof, for which it is registered, &#x2026;.  If the registered mark becomes the generic name for less than all of the goods or services for which it is registered, a petition to cancel the registration for only those goods or services may be filed. A registered mark shall not be deemed to be the generic name of goods or services solely because such mark is also used as a name of or to identify a unique product or service. *The primary significance of the registered mark to the relevant public rather than purchaser motivation shall be the test for determining whether the registered mark has become the generic name of goods or services on or in connection with which it has been used.*&#x201d;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1475761948000" MODIFIED="1475762097000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="108569C6-BB09-4EDC-933C-5940A42EF982" TEXT=" obscure language, but the gist is that, to be distinctive, a mark need not be attractive to consumers because they know and trust the manufacturer" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="C25B327F-80A5-4A29-9DA6-74DA08D00A63" TEXT="Circumstances that affect likelihood of genericide" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="79154336-2962-4116-80C3-7DE3FDAAA41A" TEXT="Things to avoid:" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="B2066B04-1CCF-4E73-B914-D68E05DC457E" TEXT="TM owner uses the mark in denominative sense" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="290D0540-BCA9-4BCD-A0E0-8C4B268A1849" TEXT="TM owner uses the mark as noun or verb, rather than as an adjective, attached to some generic term " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="6DA233D1-96BD-4753-BEA8-00F32EE9BD67" TEXT="Names of patented goods, when the patent expires" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="CAF796C8-201E-48C2-B7DA-D9471BB04B7F" TEXT="Kellogg (US 1938) (Shredded Wheat) seems to stand for the general proposition that they become generic automatically " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="4BF22C0F-0828-4042-ADFD-AF03BE3C5AF6" TEXT="But courts do not generally so hold" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="7A51C9E6-AB16-4DB1-A7DB-7733DEC406D1" TEXT="e.g., Bayer:  it&#x2019;s a factor, but not decisive" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="6B199C53-21E8-44F5-BBBD-FDAC82A8A551" TEXT="Efforts of the TM owner" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="472C3D0C-D0BD-46D5-B3DE-8D7289945361" TEXT="trial court in the Thermos case chastises King-Seeley for not exercising &#x201c;due diligence&#x201d; in the period between 1923 and early 1950s to prevent generic use of Thermos in the nontrade publications " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="5361768C-6755-4120-A8F4-CC8FD4653B00" TEXT="Moore, however, suggests that it&#x2019;s irrelevant " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="2EDB464B-36F4-4070-8F0F-B9781DC148D9" TEXT="Options for a TM holder whose mark have become generic" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475673079000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="C2C442BB-6717-4CFF-A67E-407193A6C09A" TEXT="no protection under &#xa7;32 or &#xa7;43(a)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="9F2AB3FA-3D1C-493C-BE74-F03472A52B1F" TEXT="courts retain and frequently exercise power to craft tailored remedies" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="D41138EA-1EED-438A-87AE-EFD7150CC31E" TEXT="e.g., to require Aladdin (for a while) to insert various disclaimers, to only use thermos in lower case, etc." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="D20B32EB-3B34-4477-96A9-4A181CECEEA3" TEXT="see also Learned Hand&#x2019;s detailed injunction in the aspirin case " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="D2E0D731-7AE3-42E7-B3F7-9AF6E5CC1A96" TEXT="Some courts permit the TM holder to rely on unfair competition" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="BE1A533C-8198-4E1D-8DA6-3EDA6857AA2D" TEXT="Intentional passing off" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node></node><node ID="FB24DE4B-A047-4976-9F2E-AFCFC7E9172B" TEXT="Assignments" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="5F0009BE-D271-4488-ACFB-67B1867AE8EB" TEXT="TMs may be assigned" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="3C04068E-2481-4A73-B8FD-4BC38DDF4873" TEXT="cf. prior appropriation in water law" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="22187DF1-61E4-4F27-A74E-FB79F0C96FBC" TEXT="Limitations" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1475673227000" MODIFIED="1475673232000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="802328AC-3CA7-4F0C-86F8-3ACF29250460" TEXT="to be assignable, TMs must be associated with an ongoing use in commerce" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475673318000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="FC1ED30D-8E1A-4130-ADB9-88B77260F030" TEXT="abandoned marks may not be assigned" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="2DCC3DB1-EBF4-44EB-9756-F4766C5C09DF" TEXT="ITU applications may not be assigned" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="0BE5EFC0-BC14-441A-8EE5-482D22D2B671" TEXT="attempt to do so voids the application" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node><node ID="1F920567-B0D9-4EDE-A4A3-8A875B3DC6E9" TEXT="No assignments in gross" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475673331000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="D26C97D0-632A-4725-971B-812CD1D059F1" TEXT="in most countries, TMs can be assigned in gross" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1475673347000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="2B727410-E9C8-49BD-AC27-ECC60AAF3CF2" TEXT="in USA, transfers in gross are commonly held to constitute abandonment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="E2DD8DC7-15CC-4F14-9445-7D11FCFA0BBD" TEXT="but TMs may be assigned along with other assets" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="F86E7A8C-4FE0-4260-AC07-0D23030F837A" TEXT="Some courts stick to older US rule:  must be accompanied by transfer of physical assets -- like machines, customer lists, etc." STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="4F83DE69-9565-4C67-ACEE-F763894D4605" TEXT="Others permit assignment of the mark if accompanies transfer of &quot;goodwill&quot;" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="0963518B-0FAE-4ED9-A612-70666A459D25" TEXT="goodwill = &quot;favorable consideration shown by purchasing public to goods known to emanate from a particular source&quot; (Rogers 1914)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="7D674E11-D841-4529-877A-11A683851D2A" TEXT="reasonable expectation of future patronage" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="6D39CDEB-C5C4-450B-8EF0-A4C95EBD71C5" TEXT="A few courts are satisfied by mere recitation of transfer of good will" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="5D726D30-5778-464A-BB0E-F3A85375A0D3" TEXT="others construe to require maintenance of quality controls during transfer -- and reasonable time thereafter" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="15154A3A-E557-4D73-A0D1-5779AA307BEF" TEXT="Platt, &quot;Good Will Enduring&quot; (2009)" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="EB56AA74-BADA-4F4A-8BDF-04308A222695" TEXT="Some say that no &#x201c;goodwill&#x201d; is transferred if the assignee plans to use the mark on a new and different product" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="56A9D94C-88BF-4069-8398-964EE5B42320" TEXT="goodwill consists of the public&#x2019;s faith that the product will remain good; n.a., where the product is changed" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node></node></node></node><node ID="435BDE06-6E66-49EC-B215-838870D29DF5" TEXT="Licenses" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="3585DB7F-C51C-4B59-9424-3B5058EE9206" TEXT="Licensing of the mark to others without controlling the quality of their products results in abandonment " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="4606D379-C0C7-4475-918F-F309AF50A8B1" TEXT="rationale:  otherwise the licensees will be able to reduce the quality, and the public will be deceived" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node><node ID="5BE0D42B-D8E9-4D86-BC4D-9D111169337E" TEXT="But licensing accompanied by effective controls over quality does not result in abandonment" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="DB118372-2B31-43EA-B5B7-2882F3129965" TEXT="Range of views concerning the necessary quality controls" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="true" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /><node ID="BF2803FF-481A-4E3C-A44D-23DCD4E5A6D7" TEXT="Sufficient if there&#x2019;s evidence that licensor was familiar with and relied upon licensee&#x2019;s quality controls " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="F004530E-651B-4DA7-87F5-7E21C487DD83" TEXT="Close working relationship is also sufficient " STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node><node ID="3F09C768-11AC-4DF8-BAD0-832A2BC063F0" TEXT="Judge Hand would impose more stringent requirements re effective policing than the rest of the CA2" STYLE="bubble" FOLDED="false" CREATED="1469143048000" MODIFIED="1469143048000"><font SIZE="14" /><edge COLOR="#FFB2B2" /></node></node></node></node></node></node></map>